Effects of restraining measures due to COVID-19: Pre- and post-lockdown cognitive status and mental health
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted all countries to adopt restraining measures to mitigate the spread of the disease. Usually, large-scale disasters tend to be accompanied by significant increases of psychological distress, depression and anxiety. Confinement measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to have similar consequences. In the present study we aim to evaluate how COVID-19 affected the overall psychological functioning of Portuguese individuals by providing a comparison of current data with status prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study sample was composed of 150 cognitively healthy participants. Results show an overall maintenance of cognitive capacities, although subjective cognitive decline complaints significantly increased during the pandemic. Regarding mental health, restraining measures culminated in an aggravation of depressive and decrease of the perceived quality of life, associated with feelings of loneliness and perceived social isolation. Finally, higher levels of pre-COVID-19 quality of life seem to play a protective role against depression and anxiety and predict less difficulties in emotion regulation, feelings of solitude and cognitive complaints. In sum, confinement due to COVID-19 implied an aggravation of the mental health of the Portuguese population, which appears to have been attenuated in those with higher pre-pandemic levels of perceived quality of life.
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Higher pre-COVID quality of life acts as a protective factor against anxiety during the pandemic in non-clinical populations.
“Interestingly, higher levels of pre-COVID QOL acted as a protective factor against anxiety during the pandemic in non-clinical populations [92–94].”
From Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research (2021) · cites this paper as [93]
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- Authors
- Nogueira, J., Gerardo, B., Silva, A. R., Pinto, P., Barbosa, R., Soares, S., Baptista, B., Paquete, C., Cabral-Pinto, M., Vilar, M. M., Simões, M. R., & Freitas, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Freitas, Sandra
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Psychology
- Published
- 2021-04-21
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 7383-7392
- ISSN
- 1046-1310 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-4733
- PMC
- PMC8057859
- OpenAlex
- W3156391391
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 5.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/136029/2018, IF/01325/2015, SFRH/BD/146680/2019, RESEARCH4COVID 19 (1st edition))
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, subjective quality of life, loneliness, social isolation, subjective cognitive decline, emotion regulation, cognitive function, protective factors, Portuguese population
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