Too Much of a Good Thing: Perceived Overparenting and Wellbeing of Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong
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Most studies revealed that helicopter parenting hurts adolescents and young adults.
“In contrast, most studies revealed that helicopter parenting hurts adolescents (Leung, 2020) and young adults (Wang et al., 2021).”
From Helicopter Parenting and Emotional Problems in Chinese Emerging Adults: Are there Cross-lagged Effects and the Mediations of Autonomy? (2023) · cites this paper as Leung, 2020
The Overparenting and Adolescent Wellbeing section reports prior evidence linking overparenting to poorer wellbeing. But the Discussion and Results describe mixed findings for the Hong Kong adolescents studied: maternal overparenting was associated with more anxiety and depression, while paternal overparenting was associated with better life satisfaction. The source therefore supports potential harm to adolescents, not the unqualified claim that helicopter parenting hurts them; it also does not establish that most adolescent studies found harm. The young-adults portion is attributed to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Cites
Helping or Hovering? The Effects of Helicopter Parenting on College Students’ Well-Being
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Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being
LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2011.574038 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
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Parent and Child Traits Associated with Overparenting
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Hong, P.-P., & Cui, M. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12839 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gao, W., Hou, Y., Hao, S., & Yu, A. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01702-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In contrast, most studies revealed that helicopter parenting hurts adolescents (Leung, 2020) and young adults (Wang et al., 2021).”
ResultJiao, J., & Segrin, C. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02528-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lan, X., Ma, C.-H., & Ma, Y.-F. (2021) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-021-09807-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Adolescents who did not participate in this investigation were assigned academic assignments by their head teachers in classrooms (Leung 2020).”
BackgroundRyan, K. M., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Speechley, M., Stuart, J., Soenens, B., Zimmermann, G., & Petegem, S. V. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02896-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Similar to what others have described in research on HP (Cook, 2020; Buchanan & LeMoyne, 2020) and OP (Brenning et al., 2017; Givertz & Segrin, 2014; Leung, 2020), we expect that parental overinvolvement in their children ’ s activities, emotions, and behaviors can be both a precursor of and a…”
InfluentialGao, X., Liu, C., Guo, X., Liu, J., Qi, B., & Luo, L. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105627 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Weng, X., Gao, M. M., Cao, H., & Han, Z. R. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02081-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This could limit their opportunities to learn how to effectively cope with negative emotions, thus developing emotional symptoms (Leung, 2020; Meeus et al., 2005).”
Tao, V. Y. K., Kam, C. C. S., Li, Y., & Wu, A. M. S. (2023) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101734 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hwang, W., Fu, X., Kim, S.-H., Jung, E., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022914 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In addition, most studies have focused on a single Eastern culture (Kwon et al., 2016; Lee and Kang, 2018; Leung, 2020; Oh et al., 2021) or, if a comparison is made, it is generally between one Eastern culture and a Western culture (Jung et al., 2020; Su et al., 2022).”
BackgroundOuyang, Q., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2022) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-022-09425-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In a previous study, the Chinese version of CBQ-20 showed adequate reliability in Chinese adolescents (Leung, 2020; Shek, 1997) and adults (Shek, 1999).”
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“…adults and in a clinical setting; Garst & Gagnon, 2015), our fi ndings with parents of elementary school age children support the notion that overparenting could vary across different developmental stages and conditions (Gagnon et al., 2019; Kouros et al., 2017; Leung et al., 2021; Leung, 2020).”
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“The desire of being a “perfect parent” not only create parents’ role identity, but also reduce their regret in ruining their children’s future (Leung, 2020a).”
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Jiang, X., Shen, R.-L., & Zhang, K. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07084-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This addition not only aligns with prior findings that underscore the adverse impacts of overparenting on adolescent men - tal health (Leung, 2020 ), but also offers a more nuanced understanding of family dynamics by acknowledging the critical role of parenting styles (Rakhshani et al., 2022).”
Ruiz-Ortiz, R. M., Carreras, R., del Puerto‐Golzarri, N., & Muñoz, J. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1405389 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…for gender differences in the relation between parenting and child outcomes suggest that girls appear to be more sensitive to parenting practices than boys (e.g., Lewis-Morrarty et al., 2015), hence parenting may be a more intense predictor of child’s outcomes for girls than for boys (Leung, 2020).”
BackgroundHu, N., Chen, K., Ye, L., Liu, H., Cai, D., Zhang, H., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091235 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Maternal overparenting was more strongly associated with offspring anxiety and depression than paternal overparenting, consistent with previous findings (J. T. Leung, 2020; Zhang & Ji, 2023).”
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“One explanation is that congruence in high closeness may re fl ect children ’ s overreliance on parents, limiting opportunities for autonomy and independence (Leung, 2020).”
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Batra, A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03200-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This pattern of adolescent-reported overparenting or related overprotective behaviors are linked to higher levels of teen internalizing symptoms has been found both concurrently and over time (Knappe et al., 2012; Leung, 2020, 2021; Lieb et al., 2000; Sadoughi, 2024).”
Ding, X., & Leung, J. T. Y. (2025) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2025.07.010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceptions of Being a ‘Good Parent’ of Preschool Children: A Q-study of Hong Kong Parents
Ho, G. W. K., Chan, A., Chiu, J., & Gross, D. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03202-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Indeed, recent research showed that a strong emphasis on children’s academic performance, including frequent comparisons with their peers, and over-scheduling children’s activities are some of the core features of Chinese overparenting (Leung, 2020).”
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Yu, M.-S., Gao, X., & Xing, S.-F. (2026) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.70279
Perceived parental bonding styles and self-esteem: a study on adolescents in Dhaka division
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“On the other hand, excessive parental control, excessive criticism, over-interference, and discouragement of autonomous action to shield children from any hindrances are all considered as parental overprotection (Leung, 2020).”
Jiang, Y.-Q., Feng, L., & Le, H. (2026) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs16081351
“Recognizing this, a growing body of research has begun to extend the inves‑ tigation of helicopter parenting to the younger population (e.g., Ching et al., 2023b; Leung, 2020; Pistella et al., 2022; Y. Wang et al., 2025a).”
Wu, Y., Yuan, Y., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70202 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“While each parent ’ s parenting standards are linked to their own parenting behaviors, these standards may also in fl uence their spouse ’ s parenting practices (Leung, 2020).”
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“When adolescents perceive their parents ’ practices as supportive and affectionate, HP can have positive in fl uence on adolescents, such as improving their life satisfaction (Leung, 2020) and social skills (Lan et al., 2019).”
Asıcı, E., Uygur, S. S., & Kocer, M. (2025) · International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies · doi:10.18357/ijcyfs161202522404
Parent perception of overinvolvement and its connection to parent and adolescent well-being
Michalove, Z., & Bačíková-Slešková, M. (2025) · Diskuze v psychologii · doi:10.5507/dvp.2025.001
Tsai, F.-K., Du, Y.-Z., Yang, L., Fan, T.-T., & Cai, Q.-Y. (2023) · Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Education, Knowledge and Information Management, ICEKIM 2023, May 26–28, 2023, Nanjing, China · doi:10.4108/eai.26-5-2023.2337324
- Authors
- Leung, J. T. Y.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Leung, Janet T.Y.
- ORCID
- Leung, Janet T.Y.
- Venue
- Child Indicators Research
- Published
- 2020-01-28
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1791-1809
- ISSN
- 1874-897X (ISSN-L)
- 1874-8988
- OpenAlex
- W3003575719
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Child Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
- PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- the General Research Fund, Research Grants Council (PolyU 15602417)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- overparenting, adolescent wellbeing, life satisfaction, adolescent anxiety, adolescent depression, parent-child conflict, family structure, single-parent families, Chinese adolescents, Hong Kong
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