Parent and Child Traits Associated with Overparenting
Abstract
Overparenting involves the application of developmentally inappropriate levels of parental directiveness, tangible assistance, problem-solving, monitoring, and involvement into the lives of children. Based on theories of family enmeshment, effective parenting, and personality development, this parenting behavior was hypothesized to be associated with negative traits in parents (i.e., anxiety and regret) as well as in young adult children (i.e., narcissism, poor coping styles, anxiety, and stress). Participants were 653 parent-adult child dyads from 32 of the 50 United States who completed measures of overparenting and maladaptive traits. A latent variables analysis showed that parental anxiety was positively associated with overparenting, and that parental regret had an indirect effect on overparenting through greater anxiety. In adult children, overparenting was associated with higher levels of narcissism and more ineffective coping skills (e.g., internalizing, distancing). These ineffective coping skills were associated with greater anxiety and stress in young adult children.
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Helicopter parenting may lead to increased anxiety.
“Emerging evidence suggests that overprotective and controlling parenting, often referred to as “helicopter parenting” may have negative implications on the child's mental health such as anxiety and depression.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Segrin et al., 2013
No direct effect of helicopter parenting on anxiety levels.
“No direct effect of helicopter parenting on anxiety levels”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Segrin et al. (2013)
Helicopter parenting has no direct effect on anxiety levels.
“No direct effect of helicopter parenting on anxiety levels”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Segrin et al. (2013)
In the remaining 5 studies there was no direct relationship between helicopter parenting and anxiety.
“However, in the remaining 5 studies there was no direct relationship between helicopter parenting and anxiety (Segrin et al., 2013; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Reed et al., 2016; Darlow et al., 2017; Wenze et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Segrin et al., 2013
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A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression
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“In addition, rather than enhancing child outcomes, over-involved parenting has been associated with having adult-aged children with higher levels of narcissism (Segrin et al. 2013) and entitlement (Segrin et al.”
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“Overparenting, which shares the trait of unnecessarily high responsiveness to the perceived—but often not real— needs of children (becoming a “resource” as per Baumrind’s(11) depiction), has been associated with higher levels of narcissism and entitlement among adult children.(17,18) Entitlement, particularly that whi…”
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“…associated with parents’ and young adults’ perceived quality of family communication (Segrin et al., 2012), parents’ anxiety and children’s distancing (Segrin et al., 2013), children’s depression and anxiety (Reed et al., 2016; Rousseau & Scharf, 2015), children’s life satisfaction (Schiffrin et…”
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“Studies by Odenweller et al. (2014) and Segrin et al. (2013) have also demonstrated overparenting to be predictive of poorer coping strategies among young adults, which may further exacerbate the impact of poorer emotional health.”
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Helicopter Parenting and Young Adults’ Well-Being: A Comparison Between United States and Finland
Cui, M., Janhonen-Abruquah, H., Darling, C. A., Carlos Chavez, F. L., & Palojoki, P. (2019) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/1069397118802253 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Arslan, İ. B., Lucassen, N., Keijsers, L., & Stevens, G. W. J. M. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01723-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…as parental autonomy granting and support for independence facilitates self-efficacy and confidence (McLeod et al., 2007), overprotection may diminish adolescents’ self-efficacy and coping behaviors, thereby increasing psychological problems, such as internalizing problems (Segrin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMiller‐Ott, A. E., Kelly, L., & Duran, R. L. (2014) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696814550195 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In the Segrin et al. (2013) study, 39% of parents and 38% of children reported communicating with each other several times a week, followed by 21% of parents and 26% of children who communicate several times a day.”
BackgroundHelicopter Parenting and Cell-Phone Contact between Parents and Children in College
Kelly, L., Duran, R. L., & Miller‐Ott, A. E. (2017) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2017.1310286 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“This excessive parental contact during college may negatively impact children’s college experiences and their development of independent identities (Kins et al., 2011; Segrin et al., 2013; Spokas & Heimberg, 2009).”
BackgroundBleys, D., Soenens, B., Claes, S. J., Vliegen, N., & Luyten, P. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22632 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Overparenting and offspring depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms: A meta-analysis
Zhang, Q., & Ji, W. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942300055x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Petegem, S. V., Sznitman, G. A., Darwiche, J., & Zimmermann, G. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12709 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Engaging Teens and Parents in Collaborative Practice
Sullivan‐Bolyai, S., Bova, C., Johnson, K., Cullen, K., Jaffarian, C. A., Quinn, D., Aroke, E. N., Crawford, S., Lee, M., & Gupta, O. T. (2014) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721713520568 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“opportunities to practice problem solving.(6) This study did not interview HCPs about their perspectives on parenting styles for both themselves as providers of care, and their own personal perspectives on parenting.”
BackgroundRousseau, S., & Scharf, M. (2018) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407517700514 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…characteristics include, for example, increased levels of anxiety, depression, pain and stress, less general well-being and satisfaction, and lower selfefficacy (Bradley-Geist & Olson-Buchanan, 2014; LeMoyne & Buchanan, 2011; Rousseau & Scharf, 2015; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Segrin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialToo Much of a Good Thing: Perceived Overparenting and Wellbeing of Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong
Leung, J. T. Y. (2020) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-020-09720-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Leung, J. T. Y., Shek, D. T. L., Fung, A. L. C., & Leung, G. S.-M. (2020) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407520971713 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown that overparenting positively predicts adolescent narcissistic traits and sense of entitlement (Segrin et al., 2012, 2013).”
BackgroundHelicopter parenting, authenticity, and depressive symptoms: a mediation model
Turner, L. A., Faulk, R. D., & Garner, T. (2020) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2020.1775170 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wang, J., Lai, R., Yang, A., Yang, M., & Guo, Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.078 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Helicopter Parenting And Psychological Consequences Among Adolescent
Ganaprakasam, C., Davaidass, K. S., & Muniandy, S. C. (2018) · International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications · doi:10.29322/ijsrp.8.6.2018.p7849 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Overparenting and Perfectionistic Concerns Predict Academic Entitlement in Young Adults
Fletcher, K. L., Pierson, E. E., Neumeister, K. L. S., & Finch, W. H. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01663-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of parceling on model selection: Parcel-allocation variability in model ranking.
Sterba, S. K., & Rights, J. D. (2016) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000067 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Longitudinal Predictors of Helicopter Parenting in Emerging Adulthood
Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & McLean, R. D. (2021) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696820931980 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Positive and null findings are common among parent-reported helicopter parenting (Segrin et al., 2013), possibly because the parent does not view “helping” a child as potentially problematic (i.e., limiting of autonomy) or simply feels that the benefits of their involvement outweigh the…”
BackgroundSchiffrin, H. H., Batte-Futrell, M. L., Boigegrain, N., Cao, C., & Whitesell, E. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-01925-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Blewitt, C., Bergmeier, H. J., Macdonald, J. A., Olsson, C. A., & Skouteris, H. (2016) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12413 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gagnon, R. J., Garst, B. A., Kouros, C. D., Schiffrin, H. H., & Cui, M. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01623-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gao, W., Hou, Y., Hao, S., & Yu, A. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01702-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Second, excessive parenting can affect emerging adults’ selfrelated beliefs and emotions by lowering their self-efficacy (Reed et al., 2016), allowing them to form the internal locus of control (Kwon et al., 2016) and exhibit high levels of narcissism (Segrin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPsychological Intrusion – An Overlooked Aspect of Dental Fear
Chapman, H. R., & Kirby-Turner, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00501 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“This is associated with ineffective coping skills (Segrin et al., 2012, 2013).”
BackgroundXu, X., Dai, D. Y., Liu, M., & Deng, C. (2019) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12308 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Segrin, C. G., Jiao, J., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-022-09397-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationBender, Y., Bräuer, J., & Schweinberger, S. (2023) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105857 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Overparenting and Emerging Adults’ Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Emotional Distress Tolerance
Perez, C. M., Nicholson, B. C., Dahlen, E. R., & Leuty, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01603-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
To endure or to resist? Adolescents' coping with overprotective parenting
Flamant, N., Boncquet, M., Petegem, S. V., Haerens, L. L., Beyers, W., & Soenens, B. (2022) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101444 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…(Segrin et al., 2012), less qualitative parent-adolescent communication (Segrin et al., 2012), more depressive symptoms (Schiffrin et al., 2014; Segrin, Givertz, & Montgomery, 2013), a lower internal locus of control (Kwon, Yoo, & Bingham, 2016), less school engagement (Padilla-Walker &…”
Overparenting and Homework: The Student's Task, But Everyone's Responsibility
Locke, J. Y., Kavanagh, D. J., & Campbell, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1017/jgc.2015.29 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In this research, overparenting has been defined as high levels of parental monitoring, advice and communication with their university-aged child about their coursework (e.g., Segrin, Woszidlo, Givertz, Bauer, & Taylor Murphy, 2012; Segrin, Woszidlo, Givertz, & Montgomery, 2013).”
BackgroundHelicopter parenting and female university students’ anxiety: does parents’ gender matter?
Love, H., Cui, M., Allen, J. W., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2019) · Families Relationships and Societies · doi:10.1332/204674319x15653625640669 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Parent– Emerging‐Adult‐Child Attachment and Overparenting
Jiao, J., & Segrin, C. G. (2020) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12473 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationDeacon, S. H., Rodriguez, L. M., Elgendi, M. M., King, F. E., Nogueira‐Arjona, R., Sherry, S., & Stewart, S. H. (2021) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000171 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Intensification of Parenting in Germany: The Role of Socioeconomic Background and Family Form
Walper, S., & Kreyenfeld, M. R. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11030134 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Banica, I., Sandre, A., & Weinberg, A. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.013 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Relation of Helicopter Parenting to Maladaptive Perfectionism in Emerging Adults
Hayes, K. N., & Turner, L. A. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x21993194 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“If a parent is anxious about their child’s success and afraid to let the child fail, the parent may engage in helicopter parenting behaviors to reduce child mistakes (Nelson, 2010; Segrin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundEvaluating the Structure and Correlates of Helicopter Parenting in Mainland China
Zong, W., & Hawk, S. T. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02370-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous suggestions that parental anxiety is a likely antecedent of HP (Segrin et al., 2013), all HP total and subscale scores except for advice/ affect management were positively correlated with parental anxiety (Study 2).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialStein, C. H., Osborn, L. A., & Greenberg, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0366-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Venard, G., Zimmermann, G., Antonietti, J., Nunes, C. E., & Petegem, S. V. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02945-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Overparenting is associated with perfectionism in parents of young adults.
Segrin, C. G., Burke, T. J., & Kauer, T. (2020) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000143 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationHall, E. D., Shebib, S. J., & Scharp, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2020.1859510 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jiao, J., & Segrin, C. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02528-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Other mechanisms linking overparenting and child mental distress include ineffective coping (Segrin et al., 2013), low distress tolerance (Perez et al., 2020), maladaptive perfectionism (Hong and Doh, 2018), lack of self-control or self-regulation (Hong & Cui 2020; Moilanen & Manuel 2019), and…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKvalnes, Ø., & Sandseter, E. B. H. (2023) · Critical cultural studies of childhood · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25552-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Geographical Cues and Developmental Exposure
Schug, M. G. (2015) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-015-9245-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Exploring Overparenting within the Context of Youth Development Programs
Garst, B. A., & Gagnon, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2015.416 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Garst, B. A., Gagnon, R. J., & Stone, G. A. (2019) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2019.1646172 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Peh, O. H., Rapisarda, A., & Lee, J. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.029 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jankowska, A. M., Włodarczyk, A., Campbell, C., & Shaw, S. R. (2015) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2015.51903 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Furthermore, parental anxiety might be augmented by strong feelings of regret, and both can manifest in over-protectiveness (Segrin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundIt’s OK to Fail: Individual and Dyadic Regulatory Antecedents of Mastery Motivation in Preschool
Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Wang, J. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0633-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“These results on persistence in the face of failure may be important in light of the recent trend of overparenting (Segrin et al. 2013), defined as developmentally inappropriate levels of involvement and directiveness and lower levels of autonomy granting with children (Padilla-Walker and Nelson…”
BackgroundHelicopter Parenting and Adolescent Development: From the Perspective of Mental Health
Srivastav, D., & Mathur, M. N. L. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93155 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sandseter, E. B. H., Sando, O. J., Lorås, H. W., Kleppe, R., Storli, L., BRUSSONI, M. J., Bundy, A. C., Schwebel, D. C., Ball, D. J., Haga, M., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/45857 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In addition, there are indications that the lack of risky play and autonomy increases the likelihood of anxiety, both in childhood [21-24] and subsequently in adolescence and adulthood [18,25-29].”
BackgroundZimmermann, G., Antonietti, J., Mageau, G. A., Mouton, B., & Petegem, S. V. (2022) · Swiss Psychology Open · doi:10.5334/spo.31 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
McCoy, S. S., Dimler, L. M., & Rodrigues, L. (2024) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-024-09496-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Thus, even though helicopter parenting is distinct from other forms of parental control (Padilla-Walker et al., 2021) and may come from a place of parental care (Segrin et al., 2013), this type of overinvolved parenting was consistently correlated with poorer functioning, as measured in this study.”
Carone, N., Benzi, I. M. A., Muzi, L., Parolin, L. A. L., & Fontana, A. (2023) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2023.693 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Richardson, E. W., Simons, L. G., & Futris, T. G. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0592-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sadoughi, M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104579 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Examining Overparenting and Child Gender in Adolescence
Gagnon, R. J., & Garst, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01467-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Understanding and Treating Narcissism With EMDR Therapy
Mosquera, D., & Knipe, J. (2015) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.9.1.46 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hierarchical Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance of the Chinese Overparenting Scale
Leung, J. T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01873 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cui, M., Janhonen‐Abruquah, H., & Darling, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · doi:10.3138/jcfs.52.4.06 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The American culture promotes verbal communication and highly values the role of communication in developing positive interpersonal relationships (McCroskey and Richmond, 1990) and positive well-being (Segrin et al., 2013).”
Background
- Authors
- Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- California State University, Chico (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 569-595
- ISSN
- 0736-7236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142556532
- Semantic Scholar
- f48977ebac7f5bc0752b0a8bae8ebcd495edfe7b
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 13.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- overparenting, parental anxiety, parental regret, narcissism, coping styles, family enmeshment, effective parenting, young adult children, stress, distancing coping
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