Normative Values of Muscle Power using Force Plate Jump Tests in Men Aged 77–101 Years: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study
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OBJECTIVE: To determine normative values for weight-bearing, countermovement leg extension ("jump") tests in the oldest men and characteristics of those not completing vs. completing tests. DESIGN: 2014-16 cross-sectional exam. SETTING: Six U.S. sites from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling men (N=1,841) aged 84.5±4.2 (range: 77-101) years. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS: Jump tests on a force plate measured lower-extremity muscle peak power/kg, velocity and force/kg at peak power, with normative values for 5-year age groups and by limitations in moderate-intensity activities of daily living (ADLs) and climbing several flights of stairs. RESULTS: Jump completion was 68.9% (N=1,268/1,841) and 98% (1,242/1,268) had ≥1 analyzable trial/participant. Exclusions primarily were due to poor mobility and/or balance: 24.8% (456/1,841) prior to and 6.4% (N=117/1,841) after attempting testing. Peak power was 20.8±5.3 W/kg, with 1.2±0.3 m/s for velocity, and 16.7±1.9 N/kg for force at peak power. Each 5-year age group >80 years had subsequently 10% lower power/kg, with 30% lower power/kg at >90 vs. ≤80 years (all p<0.05). Velocity and force/kg at peak power were 24% and 9% lower respectively, at >90 vs. ≤80 years (all p<0.05). Limitations in both moderate ADLs and climbing several flights of stairs were associated with 16% lower age-adjusted power/kg, equivalent to 5-10 years of aging, with 11% and 6% lower age-adjusted velocity and force/kg respectively, vs. those without limitation (all p<0.05). Men not completing vs. completing jumps had older age, higher BMI, lower physical activity, more comorbidities, worse cognition, more IADLs/ADLs and more falls in the past year (all p<0.05). Post-jump pain occurred in 4.6% (58/1,268), with 2 participants stopping testing due to pain. Only 24/1,242 (2%) had all trials/participant without flight (i.e., inability to lift feet), with 323/1,242 having ≥1 trial/participant without flight (total of 28%). No serious adverse safety events (e.g., injury) occurred. CONCLUSIONS: A multicenter cohort of oldest men with a range of function had higher declines in jump power/kg and velocity vs. force/kg across each 5-year age group >80 years. Future research should examine age- and functional-related declines in jump measures related to physical performance decline, falls, fractures, and disability.
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In daily activities, the ability to move with sufficiently large speed is more often the limiting factor than the ability to produce a sufficiently large moment.
“in daily activities, such as getting up from a chair, the ability to move with a sufficiently large speed (emphasizing muscle power) is more often the limitating factor than the ability to produce a sufficiently large moment [10, 17].”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The Results (page unavailable) show that, among men aged 77–101 reporting both moderate-activity and stair-climbing limitations, jump velocity was 11% lower and force at peak power was 6% lower than in men without those limitations. This supports an association between lower velocity and daily-activity limitations, but the paper does not establish that speed is more often the limiting factor than the ability to produce joint moment, including when rising from a chair. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe annual decline in muscle power is larger than the annual decline in muscle strength in older adults.
“Several studies have revealed that the annual decline in muscle power is larger than the annual decline in muscle strength in older adults [10–16].”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The Introduction says age-related muscle power decline is more marked than strength decline. The Discussion reports 10% lower power versus 3% lower force across successive five-year age groups, but these are cross-sectional differences among men aged 77–101, not measured annual declines in older adults generally. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., Boerstra, B. A., Berends, R., Schreuder, E., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2024) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2024.2376439 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
el Hadouchi, M., van Dieën, J. H., Maissan, F., Eskes, T., Veenhof, C., & Kiers, H. (2025) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2516178
de Oliveira, R. G., Signoreti, M. M., Branco, L. V., Aguiar, A. F., & de Oliveira, L. C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5344617
Effects of Hamstring Asymmetry on Agility and Leg Power in Badminton Players
Wismanadi, H., Widodo, A., Rusdiawan, A., Pavlović, R., Husnul, D., Lufthansa, L., Munandar, R. A., & Wahyudi, H. (2025) · International Journal of Disabilities Sports & Health Sciences · doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1651343
Heilmann, N. Z., Freeland, K. S., Yu, T., Caserotti, P., Burghardt, A. J., Winger, M. E., Nindl, B. C., Ruppert, K. M., Stefanick, M. L., Bouxsein, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1093/jbmr/zjaf188
Self-citationel Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., de Vries, R., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20479764
el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., de Vries, R., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20479743
el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., de Vries, R., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20479761
el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., de Vries, R., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20479752
el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., de Vries, R., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20479758
el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., de Vries, R., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20479755
el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., de Vries, R., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20479746
el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., de Vries, R., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20479749
- Authors
- Strotmeyer, E. S., Winger, M. E., Cauley, J. A., Boudreau, R. M., Cusick, D., Collins, R. F., Chalhoub, D., Buehring, B., Orwoll, E., Harris, T. B., & Caserotti, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- California Pacific Medical Center (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Strotmeyer, Elsa S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of nutrition, health and aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1167-1175
- ISSN
- 1279-7707 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8963464
- OpenAlex
- W2835910657
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The journal of nutrition health & aging (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000128, Z99 AG999999)
- National Institute on Aging (U01AG042145, U01AG042168, U01AG042143, U01AG027810, U01AG042139, U01AG042124, U01AG042140, T32AG000181)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR066160)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- muscle power, countermovement jump, reference values, aging, lower limb strength, activities of daily living, stair climbing, physical activity, functional limitations, balance, MrOS study, force plate, muscle velocity, muscle force, community-dwelling older men, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Male, Cohort Studies, Exercise, Muscle Strength, Osteoporotic Fractures
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