Absolute strength and loss of strength as predictors of mobility decline in older adults: the InCHIANTI study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Theoretical definitions of sarcopenia traditionally emphasize age-related loss of muscle strength; however, most analyses of the association between strength and mobility examine strength at a single time point. This study sought to identify sex-specific cutpoints for muscle strength and power (at one time point) and 3-year changes in strength and power that would maximize prediction of 3-year mobility decline. METHODS: Longitudinal analysis of 934 adults aged ≥65 years enrolled in the Invecchiare in Chianti study was conducted. Grip strength, knee extension strength, and lower extremity power were measured at baseline and 3 years postenrollment. Mobility function (gait speed and self-reported mobility disability) was measured at 3 and 6 years postenrollment. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to predict mobility decline from Years 3 to 6. RESULTS: Men with knee extension strength <19.2 kg and grip strength <39.0 kg had clinically meaningful declines in gait speed of .24 m/s. Furthermore, men with power <105 W were nearly nine times more likely to develop incident mobility disability (likelihood ratio = 8.68; 95% confidence interval = 3.91, 19.44). Among women, knee extension strength <18.0 kg was associated with a minimal gait speed decline of 0.06 m/s, and women with leg power <64 W were three times more likely to develop incident mobility disability (likelihood ratio = 3.01; 95% confidence interval = 1.79, 5.08). Three-year changes in strength and power did not predict mobility decline in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that strength and power measured at one time point are more predictive of mobility decline than 3-year changes and that low strength and power are particularly powerful risk factors in men.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Classification and Regression Trees.
Gordon, A. D., Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1984) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530946 · Cited by 23,834 · see citing works
Pencina, M. J., D' Agostino, R. B., D' Agostino, R. B., & Vasan, R. S. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2929 · Cited by 6,493 · see citing works
Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults.
Perera, S., Mody, S. H., Woodman, R. C., & Studenski, S. A. (2006) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00701.x · Cited by 2,513 · see citing works
Use and Misuse of the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve in Risk Prediction
Cook, N. R. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.672402 · Cited by 2,123 · see citing works
Lauretani, F., Russo, C. R., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Cavazzini, C., Di Iorio, A., Corsi, A. M., Rantanen, T., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.2003 · Cited by 1,946 · see citing works
Self-citationVisser, M., Goodpaster, B. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Nevitt, M., Rubin, S. M., Simonsick, E. M., Harris, T. B., & Study, F. T. H. A. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.3.324 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Self-citationSkeletal Muscle Cutpoints Associated with Elevated Physical Disability Risk in Older Men and Women
Janssen, I. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh058 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women.
Bassey, E. J., Fiatarone, M. A., O'neill, E. F., Kelly, M., Evans, W. J., & Lipsitz, L. A. (1992) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0820321 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Morley, J. E., Baumgartner, R., Roubenoff, R., Mayer, J., & Nair, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1067/mlc.2001.113504 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Clark, B. C., & Manini, T. M. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.8.829 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Disability in Older Adults: Evidence Regarding Significance, Etiology, and Risk
Fried, L. P., & Guralnik, J. M. (1997) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00986.x · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Self-citationFerrucci, L., Bandinelli, S., Benvenuti, E., Iorio, A. D., Macchi, C., Harris, T. B., & Guralnik, J. M. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03873.x · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Self-citationRoubenoff, R., & HUGHES, V. A. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.12.m716 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Menz, H. B., Latt, M. D., Tiedemann, A., Kwan, M. M. S., & Lord, S. R. (2003) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(03)00068-7 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
III, L. J. M., Khosla, S., Crowson, C. S., O'Connor, M. K., O'Fallon, W. M., & Riggs, B. L. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04719.x · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Bean, J. F., Leveille, S. G., Kiely, D. K., Bandinelli, S., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.8.m728 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Self-citationKwon, S., Perera, S., Pahor, M., Katula, J. A., King, A. C., Groessl, E. J., & Studenski, S. A. (2009) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-009-0104-z · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Hairi, N. N., Cumming, R. G., Naganathan, V., Handelsman, D. J., Couteur, D. G. L., Creasey, H. M., Waite, L. M., Seibel, M. J., & Sambrook, P. N. (2010) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03145.x · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Physical Disability Among an Elderly Cohort
Murtagh, K. N., & Hubert, H. B. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.8.1406 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Data Analysis and Graphics Using R – an Example-Based Approach
Maindonald, J. H., & Braun, W. J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139194648 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Bassey, E. J., & Short, A. H. (1990) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00713504 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Visser, M., Deeg, D. J. H., Lips, P., Harris, T. B., & Bouter, L. M. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04694.x · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Test-retest strength reliability: Hand-held dynamometry in community-dwelling elderly fallers
Wang, C.-Y., Olson, S. L., & Protas, E. J. (2002) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.32743 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Bohannon, R. W., & Schaubert, K. L. (2005) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1197/j.jht.2005.07.003 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Knee Extension Strength Cutpoints for Maintaining Mobility
Manini, T. M., Visser, M., Won‐Park, S., Patel, K. V., Strotmeyer, E. S., Chen, H., Goodpaster, B., De Rekeneire, N., Newman, A. B., Simonsick, E. M., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01087.x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citationASSOCIATION OF MUSCLE STRENGTH WITH MAXIMUM WALKING SPEED IN DISABLED OLDER WOMEN1
Rantanen, T., Guralnik, J. M., Izmirlian, G., Williamson, J. D., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., & Fried, L. P. (1998) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00002060-199807000-00008 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring muscular strength of the lower limbs by hand-held dynamometer: A standard protocol
Bandinelli, S., Benvenuti, E., Lungo, I. D., Baccini, M., Benvenuti, F., Iorio, A. D., & Ferrucci, L. (1999) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03339802 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationReexamining the Sarcopenia Hypothesis: Muscle Mass versus Muscle Strength
VISSER, M., NEWMAN, A. B., NEVITT, M. C., KRITCHEVSKY, S. B., STAMM, E. B., GOODPASTER, B. H., HARRIS, T. B., & FOR THE HEALTH, A. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06500.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Parmar, V., Kumar, A. J. S., & Harper, W. M. (2005) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.06.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Low Plasma Carotenoids and Skeletal Muscle Strength Decline Over 6 Years
Lauretani, F., Semba, R. D., Bandinelli, S., Dayhoff-Brannigan, M., Giacomini, V., Corsi, A. M., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.4.376 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, C., & Chen, L. (2010) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.225 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Hasegawa, R., Islam, M. M., Lee, S. C., Koizumi, D., Rogers, M. E., & Takeshima, N. (2008) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215508094713 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
When is a change a genuine change?
Nitschke, J. E., McMeeken, J. M., BURRY, H. C., & Matyas, T. A. (1999) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(99)80030-1 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Greenland, S. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2995 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hernandez, M. E., Goldberg, A., & Alexander, N. B. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090035 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The impact of multiple impairments on disability in community-dwelling older people
Kempen, G. I. J. M., Verbrugge, L. M., Merrill, S. S., & Ormel, J. (1998) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/27.5.595 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Starkings, S. (2007) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2007.00015_22.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [1]1. Morley JE, Baumgartner RN, Roubenoff R, Mayer J, Nair KS. Sarco- penia. J Lab Clin Med. 2001;137:231-243.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Strupp, M., Kim, J.-S., Murofushi, T., Straumann, D., Jen, J. C., Rosengren, S. M., Della Santina, C. C., & Kingma, H. (2017) · Journal of Vestibular Research · doi:10.3233/ves-170619 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Grip Strength Cutpoints for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Weakness
Alley, D. E., Shardell, M. D., Peters, K. W., McLean, R. R., Dam, T.-T. L., Kenny, A. M., Fragala, M. S., Harris, T. B., Kiel, D. P., Guralnik, J. M., et al. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu011 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Self-citationFish oil–derived n−3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults
Smith, G. I., Julliand, S., Reeds, D. N., Sinacore, D. R., Klein, S., & Mittendorfer, B. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.105833 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss
Cava, E., Yeat, N. C., & Mittendorfer, B. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.014506 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Adiposity, Muscle Mass, and Muscle Strength in Relation to Functional Decline in Older Persons
Schaap, L. A., Koster, A., & Visser, M. (2013) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxs006 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Quality of Life in Sarcopenia and Frailty
Rizzoli, R., Reginster, J.-Y., Arnal, J.-F., Bautmans, I., Beaudart, C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H., Biver, E., Boonen, S., Brandi, M.-L., Chines, A., et al. (2013) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-013-9758-y · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Rijk, J. M., Roos, P. R., Deckx, L., van den Akker, M., & Buntinx, F. (2016) · Geriatrics & Gerontology International · doi:10.1111/ggi.12508 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Herold, F., Törpel, A., Schega, L., & Müller, N. G. (2019) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-019-0217-2 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Reid, K. F., Pasha, E., Doros, G., Clark, D. J., Patten, C., Phillips, E. M., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2728-2 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Winters-Stone, K. M., Dobek, J. C., Bennett, J. A., Dieckmann, N. F., Maddalozzo, G. F., Ryan, C. W., & Beer, T. M. (2015) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.010 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Recommendations for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs to treat or prevent sarcopenia
Reginster, J.-Y., Cooper, C., Rizzoli, R., Kanis, J. A., Appelboom, G., Bautmans, I., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Boers, M., Brandi, M. L., Bruyère, O., et al. (2016) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0517-y · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of physical function responses to exercise training in older adults.
Chmelo, E. A., Crotts, C. I., Newman, J. C., Brinkley, T. E., Lyles, M. F., Leng, X., Marsh, A. P., & Nicklas, B. J. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13322 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Testosterone improves the regeneration of old and young mouse skeletal muscle
Serra, C., Tangherlini, F., Rudy, S., Lee, D., Toraldo, G., Sandor, N. L., Zhang, A., Jasuja, R., & Bhasin, S. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls083 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Protein intake and muscle strength in older persons: does inflammation matter?
Bartali, B., Frongillo, E. A., Stipanuk, M. H., Bandinelli, S., Salvini, S., Palli, D., Morais, J. A., Volpato, S., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03833.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationStorer, T. W., Miciek, R., & Travison, T. G. (2012) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1038/aja.2011.104 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Strotmeyer, E. S., Winger, M. E., Cauley, J. A., Boudreau, R. M., Cusick, D., Collins, R. F., Chalhoub, D., Buehring, B., Orwoll, E., Harris, T. B., et al. (2018) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1081-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Training modalities for elder sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Qiu, H., Zheng, W., Zhou, X., Liu, Q., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1537291 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hicks, G. E., Shardell, M., Alley, D. E., Miller, R. R., Bandinelli, S., Guralnik, J., Lauretani, F., Simonsick, E. M., & Ferrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze (IT)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Parma (IT)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-05-05
- Volume
- 67A
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 66-73
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- PMC
- PMC3260485
- OpenAlex
- W2097701643
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute (263 MD 821336)
- National Institutes of Health (263 MD 821336)
- National Institute on Aging (821336, 263MD821336, R01AG029315, K23AG019161)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (263-MD-916413, 263MD 821336)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD057274, K12HD043489)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle strength, muscle power, mobility decline, walking speed, mobility impairment, older adults, sex differences, grip strength, quadriceps strength, leg power, risk prediction, InCHIANTI study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Gait, Humans, Knee, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Geriatric Assessment, Muscle, Skeletal, Hand Strength, Mobility Limitation, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
