Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire
Abstract
Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)
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The study used standardized questionnaires PHQ-9, BAI, and CAGE to assess depression, anxiety, and problematic alcohol consumption.
“Για την ποσοτική αξιολόγηση της τρέχουσας καταθλιπτικής και αγχώδους συμπτωματολογίας, καθώς και της προβληματικής κατανάλωσης αλκοόλ, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, αντίστοιχα, οι κλίμακες Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 27,28 ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI 29,30 ) και CAGE. 31,32”
From Clinical presentation and requests for support of people with HIV/AIDS seeking counselling and psychotherapy in Greece (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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“The CAGE is a brief screening instrument used to identify potential problem drinkers [37,38], assessing desire to cut down on alcohol use (C), being annoyed by people criticizing alcohol consumption (A), feeling guilty about alcohol use (G) and needing a drink first thing in the morning (‘eye opener’, E).”
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HIV Seroprevalence Among Homeless and Marginally Housed Adults in San Francisco
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MacKillop, J. M., Agabio, R., Ewing, S. W. F., Heilig, M. A., Kelly, J. F., Leggio, L., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Palmer, A. A., Parry, C. D. H., Ray, L. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00406-1 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
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Use of the TWEAK Test in Screening for Alcoholism/ Heavy Drinking in Three Populations
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A randomized trial of teaching clinical skills using virtual and live standardized patients
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Development of a simple screening tool for common mental disorders in general practice
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“com).(31) Patients exceeding the low-risk guidelines according to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (for additional data see the Annals Web site; available online at http://www.”
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- Authors
- Ewing, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Ewing, John A.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1984-10-12
- Volume
- 252
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1905
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W4254121089
- Cited by
- 3,005
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria
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