Cited by 148Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDigital Mental Health Interventions

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The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Maternal Perinatal Mental Health Outcomes: a Systematic Review

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Shi, Zhenrong, MacBeth, Angus·2017·Mindfulness

DOI 10.1007/s12671-016-0673-yPMC PMC5506176

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Abstract

Presenting with common mental health difficulties, particularly depression and anxiety, there is also preliminary evidence that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) including mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and integrated mindfulness yoga practices may also be effective in reducing common mental health difficulties during pregnancy. We systematically reviewed and synthesized the current literature on the effectiveness of MBIs in reducing severity of perinatal anxiety and depression. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, IndMED and PsychoInfo were searched for relevant studies. Manual searches were conducted in relevant articles and Google Scholar. Seventeen cohorts representing 18 studies were included. Pre-post effect sizes were reported for both treatment and control groups. Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two non-randomized controlled trials and nine treatment evaluations were included. Maternal participation in an MBI was associated with reductions in perinatal anxiety of moderate to large magnitude. Results for the effect of MBIs on depression were less consistent, with pre-post treatment reductions of moderate magnitude, but no significant differences in depression scores when MBI was compared with a control group. There was some evidence that MBIs were associated with increased mindfulness. Risk of bias in studies was variable. Our review offers preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of MBIs in reducing perinatal anxiety, with more equivocal findings with regard to perinatal depressive symptoms. Further methodologically rigorous evaluation using RCTs and longer follow-up periods are recommended.

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Background
The feasibility and acceptability of Project POWER: a mindfulness-infused, cognitive-behavioral group intervention to address mental and sexual health needs of young pregnant women in Liberia
Callands, T. A., Hylick, K., Desrosiers, A., Gilliam, S. M., Taylor, E. N., Hunter-Jones, J. J., & Hansen, N. B. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05435-6 · Cited by 8
The effects of a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program and deep relaxation exercises on pregnancy‐related anxiety levels: A randomized controlled trial
Gökbulut, N., Cengizhan, S. Ö., Akça, E. İ., & CERAN, E. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.13238 · Cited by 8
The Efficacy of Provider-Based Prenatal Interventions to Reduce Maternal Stress: A Systematic Review
Moore, N., Abouhala, S., Maleki, P., Kheyfets, A., Carvalho, K., & Amutah‐Onukagha, N. (2023) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2023.02.003 · Cited by 8
The Effects of MBSR Programme on Prenatal Comfort and Fetal Health Anxiety in Pregnant Women
Akça, E. İ., Gökbulut, N., & Cengizhan, S. Ö. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2227219 · Cited by 8
Enhancing Prenatal Group Medical Visits with Mindfulness Skills: A Pragmatic Trial with Latina and BIPOC Pregnant Women Experiencing Multiple Forms of Structural Inequity
Duncan, L. G., Zhang, N., Santana, T., Cook, J. G., Castro-Smyth, L., Hutchison, M. S., Huynh, T., Mallareddy, D., Jurkiewicz, L., & Bardacke, N. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02227-z · Cited by 8
Bilinçli Farkındalık (Mindfulness) ve Perinatal Ruh Sağlığı: Bir Sistematik Derleme
Dağlar, Ö. Ş., & Şahin, N. H. (2021) · Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi · doi:10.48071/sbuhemsirelik.951950 · Cited by 7
Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Cardiometabolic-Related Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Root, A. L., Crossley, N. P., Heck, J. L., McCage, S., Proulx, J. A., & Jones, E. J. (2023) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000001054 · Cited by 8
Comparing Web-Based Mindfulness With Loving-Kindness and Compassion Training for Promoting Well-Being in Pregnancy: Protocol for a Three-Arm Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Finlay‐jones, A. L., Davis, J. A., O’Donovan, A., Kottampally, K., Ashley, R., Silva, D. T., Ohan, J. L., Prescott, S. L., & Downs, J. A. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/19803 · Cited by 8
Autonomic function and inflammation in pregnant women participating in a randomized controlled study of Mindfulness Based Childbirth and Parenting
Rådmark, L., Osika, W., Wallén, M. B., Nissen, E., Lönnberg, G., Bränström, R., Henje, E., Gardner, R. M., Fransson, E., Karlsson, H., et al. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05528-2 · Cited by 6
HAPPY MAMA Project (Part 2)—Maternal Distress and Self-Efficacy: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Field Trial
Mannocci, A., Ciavardini, S., Mattioli, F., Massimi, A., D’Egidio, V., Lia, L., Scaglietta, F., Giannini, A., Antico, R., Dorelli, B., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031461 · Cited by 5
“Similarly, a systematic review of the effectiveness of MBIs on maternal perinatal mental health outcomes offered preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of the interventions in reducing anxiety [26].”
Background
Dispositional mindfulness profiles in pregnant women: relationships with dyadic adjustment and symptoms of depression and anxiety
Echabe-Ecenarro, O., Orue, I., & Calvete, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1237461 · Cited by 6
The feasibility of ‘Mind the Bump’: A mindfulness based maternal behaviour change intervention
Hennelly, S. E., Perman‐Howe, P. R., Foxcroft, D., & Smith, L. A. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101178 · Cited by 6
Feasibility of online mindfulness-based interventions for families affected with postpartum depression and anxiety: study protocol
Tabi, K., Bhullar, M., Fantu, L., Shulman, B., Dueck, R., Hippman, C., Ryan, D. M., & Stewart, S. E. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051935 · Cited by 5
Mindfulness Strategies: Supporting Military Parents During Reintegration
Gliske, K., Richmond, A., Smischney, T., & Borden, L. M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01156-0 · Cited by 6
Effects of Nonpharmacological Interventions on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression of Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Değirmenci, F., Kisaçam, K. P. A., & YILMAZ, D. V. (2025) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.70034 · Cited by 4
Community-based doulas and medicaid expansion: a resource-based approach to support the well-being of low-income postpartum women
Farewell, C. V., Gahrns, J., Pangalangan, J. M. L., Curl, E., & Pangalangan, A. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07855-y · Cited by 4
RETRACTED ARTICLE: A Review on Meditation: History, Transcendental Dimensions and Application in Psychology and Psychotherapy
Christopoulou, E., & Pavlopoulos, V. (2025) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-025-09663-z · Cited by 4
Retracted
The importance of yoga and mindfulness during pregnancy
Vaamonde, D., Algar‐Santacruz, C., Pettit, J. R., Chacon, B., & Dillard, D. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818309-0.00018-6 · Cited by 5
Efficacy of mind–body exercise for perinatal depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, M., Liao, M., Jiang, J., Zhu, X., & Liu, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1709845 · Cited by 4
A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study to Identify Facilitators Leading to Sustained Mindfulness Practice across the Perinatal Period
Walls, J., Farewell, C. V., Traikoff, K., Burns, H., Whalen, J., Shefferman, M., & Leiferman, J. A. (2022) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2203038 · Cited by 3
Exploring the Intersection of Mental and Reproductive Health Among Women Living with HIV in Spain: A Qualitative Secondary Data Analysis
Huertas‐Zurriaga, A., Giménez‐Díez, D., & Leyva‐Moral, J. M. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13020168 · Cited by 3
Adverse childhood experiences predict anxiety during postpartum and early childhood parenting
Walker-Mao, C., Farewell, C. V., Nagle-Yang, S. M., Blackwell, S., & Leiferman, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2024.2410203 · Cited by 3
Personalized exploration of mindfulness-based intervention on antenatal depression: Moderated mediation analyses of a randomized controlled trial
Sun, Y., Wang, J., Mao, F., Sun, J., Zhang, X., & Cao, F. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03231-7 · Cited by 4
Stress, coping and the acceptability of mindfulness skills among pregnant and parenting women living with HIV in the United States: A focus group study
Waldron, E. M., Miller, E. S., Wee, V., Statton, A., Moskowitz, J. T., & Burnett‐Zeigler, I. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.14063 · Cited by 2
Mindfulness-based approaches to mental health
Nauphal, M., Cardona, N. D., Morgan, L. P. K., & Eustis, E. H. (2023) · Encyclopedia of Mental Health · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00053-9 · Cited by 2
Mindfulness in Pregnancy, Childbirth and Parenting
Aktürk, S. O., & Yılmaz, T. (2023) · Etkili Hemşirelik Dergisi · doi:10.46483/deuhfed.1076031 · Cited by 4
Screening, Assessment, and Treatment of Perinatal Mental Health in Obstetrical Settings
Gimbel, L. A., Zimmermann, M., Byatt, N., Simas, T. A. M., & Hoffman, M. C. (2023) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000840 · Cited by 2
Trait mindfulness in early pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: a prospective cohort study
Fain, A. C., Cersonsky, T. E. K., Bublitz, M. H., Lewkowitz, A. K., Werner, E. F., Miller, E. S., & Ayala, N. K. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07194-y · Cited by 2
EFFECTIVENESS OF PRENATAL YOGA ON PREGNANCY ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Astuti, I. P., & Hadisaputro, S. (2019) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Science and Health · Cited by 2
Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Interventions for Fear of Childbirth, Anxiety and Fear in Pregnant WomenPreprint
Birner, C., & Große, G. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-223224/v1 · Cited by 3
Mindful awareness as a predictor of postpartum depression and anxiety among Igbo nursing mothers in Enugu, South-East Nigeria
Odinka, J. I., Nwoke, M., Chukwuorji, J. C., Mefoh, P. C., Ezeme, M. S., Nduanya, C. U., Oraegbunam, C., & Odinka, P. C. (2022) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2022.2041582 · Cited by 1
Interest in prenatal stress management training: association with medical risk and mental health
Fairbrother, N., Keeney, C., & Albert, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2254800 · Cited by 1
Stress, Anxiety and Depression: The Role of Mediated and Moderated Mechanisms of Dispositional Mindfulness and Their Effect on Childbirth Outcome
Tai, C., Chen, L., Pan, W., Chiu, M.-J., Hsin, Y., & Lin, Y. (2024) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0413-6 · Cited by 2

Authors: Shi, Z., & MacBeth, A.
Affiliations: University of Edinburgh (GB)
Corresponding author: MacBeth, Angus
ORCID: MacBeth, Angus
Venue: Mindfulness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-01-19
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 823-847
ISSN: 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
1868-8535
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-016-0673-y
PMC: PMC5506176
OpenAlex: W2571740036
Cited by: 148
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6
FWCI: 1.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: Mindfulness (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: University of Edinburgh
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Keywords: mindfulness-based interventions, perinatal anxiety, perinatal depression, maternal mental health, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness yoga, pregnancy

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The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Maternal Perinatal Mental Health Outcomes: a Systematic Review

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