The cross-cultural validity of the five-facet mindfulness questionnaire across 16 countries
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Even well-validated scales, such as the FFMQ, fail to adequately capture cultural variations in the understanding of mindfulness without being prone to measurement invariance issues.
“However, evidence suggests that even well-validated scales, such as the FFMQ, fail to adequately capture cultural variations in the under standing of mindfulness without being prone to measurement invariance issues (Karl et al., 2020).”
From Measuring mindfulness: A systematic review and evaluation of self-report mindfulness scales (2026) · cites this paper as Karl et al., 2020
Cites
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · see citing works
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Grossman, P. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0022713 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Van Dam, N. T., Earleywine, M., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.005 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Tran, U. S., Glück, T. M., & Nader, I. W. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21996 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationFive facets mindfulness questionnaire—reliability and factor structure: a Swedish version
Lilja, J. L., Frodi-Lundgren, A., Hanse, J. J., Josefsson, T., Lundh, L.-G., Sköld, C., Hansen, E., & Broberg, A. G. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.580367 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationAguado, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Soler, J., & García-Campayo, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationA Metacognitive Perspective on Mindfulness: An Empirical Investigation
Solem, S., Thunes, S. S., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., & Wells, A. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0081-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmidt, C., & Vinet, E. V. (2015) · Terapia Psicologica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082015000200004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Massaro, A. F., Lecuona, O., García-Rubio, C., & Castro-Paredes, A. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01835-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alo, O., Arslan, A., Tian, A. Y., & Pereira, V. (2024) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-03-2022-0124 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The psychometric properties of the Vietnamese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Nguyen, H. T. M., Nguyen, H. V., & Bui, T. T. H. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-01003-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“’s [20] opinion that the structure and thus measurement of the FFMQ may be culturally oriented.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialZhao, F., Li, Y., Hu, W., Zhang, H., Wu, H., & Fan, Q. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06670-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Measuring mindfulness: A systematic review and evaluation of self-report mindfulness scales
Chems-Maarif, R., Cavanagh, K., Baer, R., Gu, J., & Strauss, C. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102719 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Azizi, Z., Jandaghi, G., Firoozi, M., Zia-Tohidi, A., & Ebnerasouli, S. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01862-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Walach, H., Sauer, S., Kohls, N., Rose, N., & Schmidt, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03671-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pereira, D. R., Silva, E. R., Carvalho-Maia, C., Monteiro-Reis, S., Lourenço, C., Calisto, R., Teixeira, R. J., Carlson, L. E., Bart, G., Vainio, S. J., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06045-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lu, S., Lyu, R., Dai, X., & Hu, H. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119511
- Authors
- Karl, J. A., Prado, S. M. M., Gračanin, A., Verhaeghen, P., Ramos, A., Mandal, S. P., Michalak, J., Zhang, C.-Q., Schmidt, C., Tran, U. S., Druica, E., Solem, S., Astani, A., Liu, X., Luciano, J. V., Tkalčić, M., Lilja, J. L., Dundas, I., Wong, S. Y. S., & Fischer, R.
- Affiliations
- Victoria University of Wellington (NZ)
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (EC)
- University of Rijeka (HR)
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Defence Research and Development Organisation (IN)
- Witten/Herdecke University (DE)
- Hong Kong Baptist University (HK)
- Austral University of Chile (CL)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Capital Normal University (CN)
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (ES)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Karl, Johannes A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Mindfulness
- Published
- 2020-03-27
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1226-1237
- ISSN
- 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-8535
- OpenAlex
- W3012965101
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, cross-cultural validity, measurement invariance, acting with awareness, individualism, factor structure
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