Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in non-clinical Spanish samples

Aguado, Jaume; Luciano, Juan V.; Cebolla, Ausias; Serrano-Blanco, Antoni; Soler, Joaquim; García-Campayo, Javier

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404

Cited by 137Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in non-clinical Spanish samples

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Aguado, Jaume, Luciano, Juan V., Cebolla, Ausias, Serrano-Blanco, Antoni, Soler, Joaquim, García-Campayo, Javier·2015·Frontiers in Psychology

DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404PMC PMC4390906

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Abstract

The objective of the present study was to examine the dimensionality, reliability, and construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in three Spanish samples using structural equation modeling (SEM). Pooling the FFMQ data from 3 Spanish samples (n = 1191), we estimated the fit of two competing models (correlated five-factor vs. bifactor) via confirmatory factor analysis. The factorial invariance of the best fitting model across meditative practice was also addressed. The pattern of relationships between the FFMQ latent dimensions and anxiety, depression, and distress was analyzed using SEM. FFMQ reliability was examined by computing the omega and omega hierarchical coefficients. The bifactor model, which accounted for the covariance among FFMQ items with regard to one general factor (mindfulness) and five orthogonal factors (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judgment, and non-reactivity), fit the FFMQ structure better than the correlated five-factor model. The relationships between the latent variables and their manifest indicators were not invariant across the meditative experience. Observing items had significant loadings on the general mindfulness factor, but only in the meditator sub-sample. The SEM analysis revealed significant links between mindfulness and symptoms of depression and stress. When the general factor was partialled out, the acting with awareness facet did not show adequate reliability. The FFMQ shows a robust bifactor structure among Spanish individuals. Nevertheless, the Observing subscale does not seem to be adequate for assessing mindfulness in individuals without meditative experience.

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The FFMQ has shown measurement non-invariance in the form of scalar non-invariance between clinical and non-clinical samples and metric non-invariance between meditators and non-meditators.
“The FFMQ has shown measurement non-invariance in the form of scalar non-invariance (different intercepts) between clinical and non-clinical samples [28] and metric non-invariance (different loadings) between meditators and non-meditators [29].”
From Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire—short form in cancer patients: a Bayesian structural equation modeling approach (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
The FFMQ 'acting with awareness' subscale did not show adequate reliability and the 'observing' subscale does not seem adequate for assessing mindfulness in individuals without meditative practice.
“For instance, it has been demonstrated that the FFMQ “acting with awareness” subscale did not show adequate reliability and that the “observing” subscale does not seem to be adequate for assessing mindfulness in individuals without meditative practice (Aguado et al., 2015).”
From Efficacy of 8- and 4-Session Mindfulness-Based Interventions in a Non-clinical Population: A Controlled Study (2017) · cites this paper as Aguado et al., 2015

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Validation of Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire – Short form, in Spanish, general health care services patients sample: Prediction of depression through mindfulness scale
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Self-citation
A distinction between two instruments measuring dispositional mindfulness and the correlations between those measurements and the neuroanatomical structure
Zhuang, K., Bi, M., Li, Y., Xia, Y., Guo, X., Chen, Q., Du, X., Wang, K., Wei, D., Yin, H., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06599-w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Engagement profiles of elementary students in urban schools
Bae, C. L. L., DeBusk‐Lane, M., & Lester, A. M. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101880 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cost-utility and biological underpinnings of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) versus a psychoeducational programme (FibroQoL) for fibromyalgia: a 12-month randomised controlled trial (EUDAIMON study)
Feliu‐Soler, A., Borràs, X., Peñarrubia‐María, M. T., Rozadilla‐Sacanell, A., D’Amico, F., Moss-Morris, R. E., Howard, M. A., Fayed, N. M., Soriano‐Mas, C., Puebla‐Guedea, M., et al. (2016) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1068-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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Controlled clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of a mindfulness and self-compassion 4-session programme versus an 8-session programme to reduce work stress and burnout in family and community medicine physicians and nurses: MINDUUDD study protocol
the collaborative group of the MINDUUDD study, de Torres, L. Á. P., Atalaya, J. C. V.-M., García‐Campayo, J., Villalobos, A. R., Magallón-Botaya, R. M., Bartolomé-Moreno, C., Moreno-Martos, H., Melús-Palazón, E., Liétor-Villajos, N., et al. (2019) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-019-0913-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Mindfulness Practice and Its Relationship to the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Manuel, J., Somohano, V. C., & Bowen, S. W. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0605-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire—short form in cancer patients: a Bayesian structural equation modeling approach
Fong, T. C. T., Wan, A. H. Y., Wong, V. P. Y., & Ho, R. T. H. (2021) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01692-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The FFMQ has shown measurement non-invariance in the form of scalar noninvariance (different intercepts) between clinical and non-clinical samples [28] and metric non-invariance (different loadings) between meditators and non-meditators [29].”
Background
Psychometric Evaluation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a Clinical Sample of African Americans
Watson-Singleton, N. N., Walker, J. H., LoParo, D., Mack, S. A., & Kaslow, N. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0776-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-judgment dissected: A computational modeling analysis of self-referential processing and its relationship to trait mindfulness facets and depression symptoms
Hitchcock, P. F., Britton, W. B., Mehta, K. P., & Frank, M. J. (2022) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-022-01033-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Scrutinizing the Components of Mindfulness: Insights from Current, Past, and Non-meditators
Pang, D., & Ruch, W. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0990-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Comparison of the Effectiveness of an Abbreviated Program versus a Standard Program in Mindfulness, Self-Compassion and Self-Perceived Empathy in Tutors and Resident Intern Specialists of Family and Community Medicine and Nursing in Spain
de Torres, L. Á. P., Verdes-Montenegro-Atalaya, J. C., Melús-Palazón, E., de Vinuesa, L. G., Valverde, F., Rodríguez, L. A. G., Liétor-Villajos, N., Bartolomé-Moreno, C., Moreno-Martos, H., García‐Campayo, J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084340 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Mindfulness is positively related to socioeconomic job status and income and independently predicts mental distress in a long-term perspective: Danish validation studies of the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire.
Jensen, C. G., Krogh, S. C., Westphael, G., & Hjordt, L. V. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000667 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A mindfulness and compassion-based program applied to pregnant women and their partners to decrease depression symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Sacristán-Martín, O., Santed, M., García-Campayo, J., Duncan, L. G., Bardacke, N., Fernandez-Alonso, C., Garcia-Sacristan, G., Garcia-Sacristan, D., Barceló-Soler, A., & Montero-Marín, J. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3739-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cumulative Childhood Trauma and Couple Satisfaction: Examining the Mediating Role of Mindfulness
Godbout, N., Harvey, F. M., Cyr, G., & Bélanger, C. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01390-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Program Plus Amygdala and Insula Retraining (MAIR) for the Treatment of Women with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., Montero‐Marín, J., Feliu‐Soler, A., Gasión, V., Navarro‐Gil, M., Morillo‐Sarto, H., Colomer‐Carbonell, A., Borràs, X., Tops, M., Luciano, J. V., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103246 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychometric properties of the 15-item five facet mindfulness questionnaire in a large sample of Spanish pilgrims
Feliu-Soler, A., Pérez-Aranda, A., Luciano, J. V., Demarzo, M., Mariño, M., Soler, J., Van Gordon, W., García-Campayo, J., & Montero-Marín, J. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01549-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attachment-Based Compassion Therapy for Ameliorating Fibromyalgia: Mediating Role of Mindfulness and Self-Compassion
Montero-Marin, J., Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., Navarro-Gil, M., Gasión, V., López-del-Hoyo, Y., Luciano, J. V., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01302-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Validity of the 15-item five-facet mindfulness questionnaire among an ethnically diverse sample of university students
Kim, H., Li, N., Broyles, A., Musoka, L., & Correa-Fernández, V. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1892700 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Revisiting the five-facet structure of mindfulness
Karl, J. A., & Fischer, R. (2020) · Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences · doi:10.1186/s42409-020-00014-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Differences between individuals with schizophrenia or obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls in social cognition and mindfulness skills: A controlled study
del Hoyo, Y. L., Panzano, M. G., Lahera, G., Herrera‐Mercadal, P., Navarro‐Gil, M., Campos, D., Borao, L., Morillo, H., & García‐Campayo, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225608 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Factor Structure and External Validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Pregnancy
Kantrowitz-Gordon, I. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0768-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Longitudinal effects of basic psychological need support on the development of intrinsic motivation and perceived competence in physical education. A multilevel study
Kruse, F., Büchel, S., & Brühwiler, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1393966 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Psychometric properties and validation of the Swedish Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a clinical and non‐clinical sample among meditators and non‐meditators
Lilja, J. L., Falkenström, F., Zelleroth, C., Jacobson, E., Risberg, S., Nissling, L., & Weineland, S. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12602 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mediationg Role of Mindfulness as a Trait Between Attachment Styles and Depressive Symptoms
Linares, L., Jauregui, P., Herrero-Fernández, D., & Estévez, A. (2016) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1207591 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects and mechanisms of mindfulness training and physical exercise on cognition, emotional wellbeing, and brain outcomes in chronic stroke patients: Study protocol of the MindFit project randomized controlled trial
Bermudo-Gallaguet, A., Ariza, M., Dacosta‐Aguayo, R., Agudelo, D., Camins-Vila, N., Boldo, M., Carrera, Ò., Vidal, S., Ferrer-Uris, B., Busquets, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.936077 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Afterschool engagement: a mixed methods approach to understanding profiles of youth engagement
Sjogren, A. L., Bae, C. L. L., Deutsch, N. L., Zumbrunn, S. K., & Broda, M. (2021) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2021.1947140 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Access to autobiographical memory as an emotion regulation strategy and its relation to dispositional mindfulness
Mira, A., Campos, D., Etchemendy, E., Baños, R., & Cebolla, A. (2016) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2016.09.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of an integrative approach to bipolar disorders combining psychoeducation, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and functional remediation: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Valls, E., Sánchez‐Moreno, J., Bonnín, C. D. M., Solé, B., Primé‐Tous, M., Torres, I., Brat, M., Gavín, P., Morilla, I., Montejo, L., et al. (2020) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.05.005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Individual Differences in the Contents and Form of Present-Moment Awareness: The Multidimensional Awareness Scale
DeMarree, K. G., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120986605 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychometric Evaluation of a Sinhalese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and Development of a Six-Facet Short Form in a Sri Lankan Buddhist Context
Baminiwatta, A., Alahakoon, H., Herath, N. C., Kodithuwakku, K. M., & Nanayakkara, T. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01863-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction training program increases psychological well-being, and emotional regulation, but not attentional performance. A pilot study
Heredia, L., Gasol, L., Ventura, D., Vicens, P., & Torrente, M. (2017) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2017.07.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluating Resilience: Development and Validation of the Situated Subjective Resilience Questionnaire for Adults (SSRQA)
Alonso‐Tapia, J., Garrido‐Hernansaiz, H., Rodríguez‐Rey, R., Ruiz, M. Á., & Nieto, C. (2018) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2018.44 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus psychoeducational intervention in bipolar outpatients: Results from a randomized controlled trial
de Dios, C., Sanchidrián, D. C., Bayón, C., Vega, B. R., Bravo‐Ortiz, M. F., González-Pinto, A. M., & Lahera, G. (2021) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2021.08.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as a brain correlate of psychological inflexibility in fibromyalgia
Feliu-Soler, A., Martínez-Zalacaín, I., Pérez-Aranda, A., Borràs, X., Andrés-Rodríguez, L., Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Fayed, N., Stephan-Otto, C., Núñez, C., Soriano-Mas, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9020374 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“92) and validity in Spanish subjects [39].”
Self-citation
Experiential Avoidance in Primary Care Providers: Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian “Acceptance and Action Questionnaire” (AAQ-II) and Its Criterion Validity on Mood Disorder-Related Psychological Distress
Berta-Otero, T., Barceló-Soler, A., Montero-Marin, J., Maloney, S., Pérez-Aranda, A., López-Montoyo, A., Salvo, V., Sussumu, M., García-Campayo, J., & Demarzo, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010225 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, as has been observed in the present study, the mindfulness facets of observing and describing may be less associated with psychological symptoms [61] and perhaps more dependent on previous meditation experience [62].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Mindfulness and asthma symptoms: A study among college students
Shi, L., Liang, D., Gao, Y., Huang, J., Nolan, C., Mulvaney, A., Poole, T., & Zhang, H. (2018) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770903.2017.1306545 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dissociable Associations of Facets of Mindfulness with Worry, Rumination, and Transdiagnostic Perseverative Thought
Thompson, J. S., Jamal-Orozco, N., & Hallion, L. S. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01747-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nonattachment as a Mediator of the Mindfulness-Well-being Relationship: Comparing Emirati and Australian Students
Moussa, M., Elphinstone, B., Thomas, J., Hermena, E. W., Barbato, M., Whitehead, R. E., & Bates, G. W. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01813-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire in Moderate-to-Severe, Persistent Depression
Sweeney, T., Morriss, R. K., Nixon, E., Guo, B., & Callaghan, P. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01573-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Compassion in Spanish-speaking health care: A systematic review
Zaragozá, A. S., Soto-Rubio, A., Lacomba-Trejo, L., Valero-Moreno, S., & Pérez-Marín, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01994-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Facet Benchmarking: Advanced application of a new instrument refinement method
Siegling, A. B., Furnham, A. F., & Petrides, K. V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Freeing the performer’s mind: A structural exploration of how mindfulness influences music performance anxiety, negative affect and self-consciousness among musiciansPreprint
Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R., Lecuona, O. Z., Vilte, L.-S., Moreno‐Jiménez, J. E., & de Rivas, S. (2017) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/657n8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The psychometric properties of the Vietnamese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Nguyen, H. T. M., Nguyen, H. V., & Bui, T. T. H. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-01003-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“[30] suggested that their bifactor model of mindfulness outperformed the non-hierarchical five-factor model (see also [31]).”
Background
Effectiveness of four deconstructive meditative practices on well-being and self-deconstruction: study protocol for an exploratory randomized controlled trial
García‐Campayo, J., Hijar-Aguinaga, R., del Hoyo, Y. L., Magallón-Botaya, R. M., Fernández‐Martínez, S., Barceló‐Soler, A., Soler, J., & Montero‐Marín, J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07151-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
The pros and cons of bifactor models for testing dimensionality and psychopathological models: A commentary on the manuscript “A systematic review and meta‐analytic factor analysis of the depression anxiety stress scales”.
Luciano, J. V., Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., Feliu‐Soler, A., & Forero, C. G. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12386 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Initial Validation of the Mindful Presence Scale: The Issue of the Construal Level of Scale Items
Lengyel, A., Keczeli, D., Orosz, R., Bács, Z., Müller, A., Szőke, S., & Bába, É. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626084 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Validation of the English-Language Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in India: a Rasch Analysis
Raman, K., Siegert, R. J., Saha, P. K., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01757-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploring the Optimal Factor Structure of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire: Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Dimensions of Psychopathology
Diehl, J. M., Rodriguez-Seijas, C. A., Thompson, J. S., Dalrymple, K. L., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.1998080 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bifactor and Hierarchical Models: Specification, Inference, and InterpretationPreprint
Markon, K. E. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ct3b4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Does the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire measure the same constructs before and after ACT-based treatment? Examination of the longitudinal measurement invariance of the 24-item FFMQ-SF
Levin-Aspenson, H. F., Marks, R. M., Dalrymple, K. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.07.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Validation of the Spanish Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a Sample of Argentinian College Students
Correa, P. S., Michelini, Y., Bravo, A. J., Mezquita, L., & Pilatti, A. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02152-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI) short form and revised form (FMI-13R) — norm scores and psychometrics in a representative German sample
Walach, H., Sauer, S., Kohls, N., Rose, N., & Schmidt, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03671-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
El papel del mindfulness y el descentramiento en la sintomatología depresiva y ansiosa
Linares, L., Estévez, A., Soler, J., & Cebolla, A. (2016) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.1016/j.clysa.2016.03.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of mindfulness and exercise on cognition and emotion in adults with mild deficits in the chronic post-stroke phase: A randomized controlled trial
Bermudo-Gallaguet, A., Ariza, M., Agudelo, D., Camins-Vila, N., Boldo, M., Ferrer-Uris, B., Busquets, A., Pera, G., Cáceres, C. M., Gomis, M., et al. (2025) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2025.102008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Freeing the performer's mind: A network analysis of music performance anxiety, negative affect, self‐consciousness and mindfulness among music performers
Lecuona, O. Z., Moreno‐Jiménez, J. E., Vilte, L. S., de Rivas, S., de la Cruz, Z., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12929 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An 8‐week secular mindfulness‐based training program for schoolteachers increases dispositional mindfulness, self‐reported workplace well‐being, visuoconstructive abilities, and processing speed
Heredia, L., Ventura, D., Torrente, M., & Vicens, P. (2024) · Mind, Brain, and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12419 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dimensionality of instructional quality in physical education. Obtaining students’ perceptions using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis
Kruse, F., Büchel, S., & Brühwiler, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1370407 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Between Can’t and Won’t: The Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness, Stoic Ideology, and Alexithymia in Norway and New Zealand
Karl, J. A., Lassen, E. R., Solem, S., & Fischer, R. D. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02459-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Spanish adaptation of the Awareness, Courage and Responsiveness Scale: Preliminary psychometric properties in non-clinical samples
Ortiz-Fune, C., Arias, M. F., & Martínez-Cervantes, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.06.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) (15 items) in a collectivist society—Pakistan
Iqbal, F., Iqbal, F., & Khawaja, G. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22875 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring impaired self-awareness of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: Resting-state fMRI correlates and the connection to mindfulness
Buchwitz, T. M., Ruppert, M. C., Greuel, A., Maier, F., Thieken, F., Jakobs, V., & Eggers, C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279722 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Effect of Mindfulness Techniques on Teacher Resilience as Moderated by Conscientiousness
Harris, A. T., & Bostain, N. S. (2021) · Journal of Educational Research and Practice · doi:10.5590/jerap.2021.11.1.06 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Balanced Inventory of Mindfulness-Related Skills (BIMS)Preprint
Dam, N. T. V., Bilgrami, Z. R., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2018) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/8qdzg · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of Mindfulness and Exercise on Growth Factors, Inflammation, and Stress Markers in Chronic Stroke: The MindFit Project Randomized Clinical Trial
Bermudo-Gallaguet, A., Ariza, M., Agudelo, D., Camins-Vila, N., Boldo, M., Peters, S., Sawicka, A. K., Dacosta‐Aguayo, R., Soriano-Raya, J. J., Vía, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14082580 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An Examination of Whether Mindfulness Can Predict the Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Attitudinal Ambivalence
Weng, J., & DeMarree, K. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00854 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
An Examination of Relationships between Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) and Facets of Mindfulness
Campo, D., & Anne, M. (2019) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The YoungFitT project: Study protocol for a randomized mixed-methods trial of physical exercise and mind-body interventions, with or without virtual reality, in university students
Rostami, S., Bermudo-Gallaguet, A., Camins-Vila, N., Ferrer-Uris, B., Busquets, A., Ribera, M., Coll, L., Vila, J. G., Martínez, R. O., Slater, M., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328538 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
MBI (Mindfulness Based Intervention). Desarrollo profesional y salud laboral
Ansón, Á. L. (2019) · Revista de Investigación y Educación en Ciencias de la Salud (RIECS) · doi:10.37536/riecs.2019.4.s1.122 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Validación del instrumento Self-Compassion Scale para valoración de la autocompasión en estudiantes y médicos en Chile
Villalón, F., Escaffi‐Schwarz, M., & Correa-Matus, E. (2023) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872023000200160 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Validación de la escala Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire en estudiantes de medicina y médicos en Chile
Villalón, F., Escaffi‐Schwarz, M., & Mundt, A. P. (2023) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872023000400435 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Multigroup Invariance Testing for Cross-Cultural Research
Karl, J. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_7-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Habilidades de Mindfulness y Cognición Social en la predicción de la sintomatología afectiva en Esquizofrenia, Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo y controles sanos
Panzano, M. G., Borao, L., Herrera‐Mercadal, P., Campos, D., del Hoyo, Y. L., Morillo, H., & García‐Campayo, J. (2019) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.24170 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Version (FFMQ-SF) in the Colombian Population
Castaneda, D., Bianchi, J. M., Villalba, J., & Ruiz, F. J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02533-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mindfulness Facets Differentially Mediate the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cannabis Use Severity
Gawrysiak, M. J., Loomis, D., Armao, M., Gillooly, E., Kearns, L., & Walsh, J. C. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02136-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychological Neglect and the Sense of Parental Competence in Parental Couples: Mindfulness as an Underlying Mechanism
Villeneuve, É., Paradis, A., Lassance, L., Hébert, M., Daspe, M., & Godbout, N. (2024) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-024-00769-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Atención plena: la relación entre la aceptación de las emociones y la satisfacción con la vida en estudiantes pregraduados
Paramio, A., Jurado, D. C., García, A. Z., Márquez, P. G.-O., & Bozal, R. G. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2018.n1.v1.1206 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
Cebolla, A., García-Palacios, A., Soler, J., Guillen, V., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2012) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632012000200005 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Christopher, M. S., Neuser, N. J., Michael, P. G., & Baitmangalkar, A. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0086-x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Examining the Factors of Mindfulness: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Neuser, N. J. (2010) · CommonKnowledge Research Repository (Pacific University Oregon) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Five facets mindfulness questionnaire—reliability and factor structure: a Swedish version
Lilja, J. L., Frodi-Lundgren, A., Hanse, J. J., Josefsson, T., Lundh, L.-G., Sköld, C., Hansen, E., & Broberg, A. G. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.580367 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Spanish version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire- Short Form (FFMQ-SF) in Mexican sample
Gallegos-Guajardo, J., Garza-López, A., Navarro-Ordaz, T., Peña-Alba, N., Zablah-González, G., Fisak, B. J., & Amavizca, A. C. (2020)

Authors: Aguado, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Soler, J., & García-Campayo, J.
Affiliations: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (ES)
Red de Investigación en Actividades Preventivas y Promoción de la Salud (ES)
Hospital de Sant Pau (ES)
Corresponding author: Luciano, Juan V.
ORCID: Aguado, Jaume
Luciano, Juan V.
Soler, Joaquim
Venue: Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2015-04-09
Volume: 6
Pages: 404-404
ISSN: 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404
PMC: PMC4390906
OpenAlex: W2070476597
Cited by: 137
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 17.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria de Educación, 2013/003, 2013/003)
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CP14/00087)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, bifactor model, construct validity, mindfulness, non-clinical population, meditative experience, measurement invariance, observation, acting with awareness, non-judgment, non-reactivity, description, depression, anxiety, stress, reliability statistics, omega hierarchical

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Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in non-clinical Spanish samples

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