Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI) short form and revised form (FMI-13R) — norm scores and psychometrics in a representative German sample
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Background: The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) in its short form is one of the most frequently used instruments in research to measure self-attributed mindfulness levels. Despite the widespread use, there is no calibration sample available until now. Thus, we decided to calibrate it in a representative German sample as norm values are of relevance for clinicians and researchers alike. In addition, we tried to replicate the instruments’ psychometric properties. Methods: A sample of 1,012 respondents was recruited from a commercial online panel, approximating a representative sample of the German population. Participants filled in the FMI-14 (short from). We performed psychometric analyses and calculated a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). We also computed a measurement invariance analysis and a LASSO regression to identify population variables that predict FMI scores. To gauge external validity of the instrument, we also presented the FMI together with four items of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Results: We obtained the best psychometric properties with a revised version of the FMI-13R, where the only negatively coded item was removed due to lack of fit. McDonald’s Omega was found to be 0.88 and the mean item-scale intercorrelation was 0.36. The construct is unidimensional, with two highly correlated subconstructs, Presence and Acceptance ( r = 0.93), which can be separated for conceptual reasons if desired. The CFA supported these models. Age and gender stratified norm scores were calculated and reported. Regression analyses and partial correlation analyses showed negative correlation of FMI-13R scores with measures of anxiety and depression, as expected, and thereby support our previous findings that the instrument is valid and that the Acceptance component of mindfulness is the one that is associated with positive effects on health-related parameters. Conclusion: The FMI-13R is a psychometrically sound and valid instrument for the assessment of mindfulness. Norm scores can now be used by clinicians and researchers to classify individuals or samples into a range of values compared to the German population.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso
Tibshirani, R. (1996) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x · Cited by 51,482 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In order to clarify which variables are related to the mindfulness sum score, we calculated first a LASSO-regression with all baseline variables as predictors [80].”
<b>lavaan</b> : An <i>R</i> Package for Structural Equation Modeling
Rosseel, Y. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i02 · Cited by 27,955 · see citing works
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448 · see citing works
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
Chen, F. F. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701301834 · Cited by 12,217 · see citing works
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · see citing works
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This finding is backed up by similar conceptualizations of mindfulness in the literature (e.g [37, 38]).”
An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261 · see citing works
Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T. S., & Brunsden, V. (2013) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12046 · Cited by 3,758 · see citing works
Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.4.466 · Cited by 3,105 · see citing works
Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A., & Brähler, E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019 · Cited by 2,473 · see citing works
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013262 · Cited by 2,365 · see citing works
Advances in experimental social psychology
Berkowitz, L. J., Zanna, M. P., & Olson, J. M. (1964) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 2,265 · see citing works
Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006 · Cited by 1,712 · see citing works
Measuring mindfulness—The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)
Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025 · Cited by 1,475 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Using a larger validation sample, a short version was constructed [35], comprising 14 items.”
Self-citationThe Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20326 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Langer, E. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00148 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions in schools—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zenner, C., Herrnleben-Kurz, S., & Walach, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00603 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Self-citationDunning, D. A. (2011) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6 · Cited by 970 · see citing works
Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Schwartz, C. E., & Sprangers, M. A. G. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00047-7 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., R. Goldin, P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1064294 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Do Self-Report Instruments Allow Meaningful Comparisons Across Diverse Population Groups?
Gregorich, S. E. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000245454.12228.8f · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Measurement invariance: Review of practice and implications
Schmitt, N., & Kuljanin, G. (2008) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.03.003 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Grossman, P., & Van Dam, N. T. (2011) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2011.564841 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
The Assessment of Mindfulness with Self-Report Measures: Existing Scales and Open Issues
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0110-9 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., Oliver, A., & Pettman, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096110 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Further Investigating Method Effects Associated With Negatively Worded Items on Self-Report Surveys
DiStefano, C., & Motl, R. W. (2006) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1303_6 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Assessment of Mindfulness: Review on State of the Art
Sauer, S., Walach, H., Schmidt, S., Hinterberger, T., Lynch, S., Büssing, A., & Kohls, N. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0122-5 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The PHQ-4 was included to assess the concurrent criterion validity by means of testing associations of mindfulness as suggested by theory [60–62].”
Equivalence of psychological measurement in heterogeneous populations.
Drasgow, F., & Kanfer, R. (1985) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.70.4.662 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Grimm, P. E. (2010) · Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing · doi:10.1002/9781444316568.wiem02057 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
de Bruin, E. I., Topper, M., Muskens, J. G. A. M., Bögels, S. M., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112446654 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Facets of mindfulness – Results of an online study investigating the Freiburg mindfulness inventory
Kohls, N., Sauer, S., & Walach, H. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.009 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of mindfulness by self-report
Baer, R. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.10.015 · Cited by 216 · cited 2× · see citing works
“To operationalize the construct of mindfulness, various questionnaires have been developed that use self-attribu-tions of behaviors and mental states [20, 21].”
Wiley international encyclopedia of marketing
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-0053 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Chi, X., Bo, A., Liu, T., Zhang, P., & Chi, I. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01034 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Meditation, Mindfulness, and Attention: a Meta-analysis
Sumantry, D. M., & Stewart, K. E. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01593-w · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Development and preliminary validation of a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale
Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.185 · Cited by 150 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Following a well-known tradition in psychometric research, one can operationalize mindfulness either as a transitory and changing state [25–27], or as a trait that is more stable [28–30].”
Aguado, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Soler, J., & García-Campayo, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Response shift: a brief overview and proposed research priorities
Barclay, R., Epstein, J., & Mayo, N. E. (2009) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-009-9450-x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Haigh, E. A. P., Moore, M., Kashdan, T. B., & Fresco, D. M. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191110386342 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Haller, H., Breilmann, P., Schröter, M., Dobos, G., & Cramer, H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99882-w · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Measuring Mindfulness in Youth: Review of Current Assessments, Challenges, and Future Directions
Goodman, M. S., Madni, L. A., & Semple, R. J. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0719-9 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Pirson, M. A., Langer, E., & Zilcha, S. (2018) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-018-9282-4 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Trousselard, M., Steiler, D., Raphel, C., Cian, C., Duymedjian, R., Claverie, D., & Canini, F. (2010) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/1751-0759-4-8 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Social Desirability Bias: A Demonstration and Technique for Its Reduction
Gordon, R. A. (1987) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top1401_11 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Belzer, F., Schmidt, S., Lucius-Hoene, G., Schneider, J. F., Orellana-Rios, C. L., & Sauer, S. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0165-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cross-cultural validity of the five-facet mindfulness questionnaire across 16 countries
Karl, J. A., Prado, S. M. M., Gračanin, A., Verhaeghen, P., Ramos, A., Mandal, S. P., Michalak, J., Zhang, C.-Q., Schmidt, C., Tran, U. S., et al. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01333-6 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
How long is now for mindfulness meditators?
Sauer, S., Lemke, J., Wittmann, M., Kohls, N., Mochty, U., & Walach, H. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.026 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of Mindfulness in the General Population
Burzler, M. A., Voracek, M., Hos, M., & Tran, U. S. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0988-y · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Siegling, A. B., & Petrides, K. V. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153073 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hadash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Improving the Precision of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Using a Rasch Approach
Medvedev, O. N., Siegert, R. J., Kersten, P., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0676-8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Gray’s Behavioural Inhibition System as a mediator of mindfulness towards well-being
Sauer, S., Walach, H., & Kohls, N. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.019 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationMoulton-Perkins, A., Moulton, D., Cavanagh, K., Jozavi, A., & Strauss, C. (2022) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000216 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Measuring Mindfulness: A Rasch Analysis of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory
Sauer, S., Walach, H., Offenbächer, M., Lynch, S., & Kohls, N. (2011) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel2040693 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSimione, L., Raffone, A., & Mirolli, M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01607-7 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a similar vein, a recent study reports that Acceptance, and not Presence, increases psychological well-being [4], thus corroborating our finding.”
Cheung, R. Y. M., & Lau, E. N.-S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.591103 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Jo, H., Schmidt, S., Inacker, E., Markowiak, M., & Hinterberger, T. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.016 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness and anxiety among university students: Moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation
Malik, S., & Perveen, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01906-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lecuona, O. Z., García‐Garzón, E., García‐Rubio, C., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119873718 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Szekeres, R. A., & Wertheim, E. H. (2014) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2562 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Harp, N. R., Freeman, J. B., & Neta, M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001173 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, our results suggest that Acceptance as a mediator of change is a worthwhile candidate of research efforts, in line with existing evidence [62, 101, 105].”
Specific Objectivity of Mindfulness—A Rasch Analysis of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory
Sauer, S., Ziegler, M. D., Danay, E., Ives, J. A., & Kohls, N. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0145-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationSample size calculation and optimal design for regression-based norming of tests and questionnaires.
Innocenti, F., Tan, F. E. S., Candel, M. J. J. M., & van Breukelen, G. (2021) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000394 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Fundamental Psychometric Considerations in Assessment
Wasserman, J. D., & Bracken, B. A. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop210003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Burzler, M. A., & Tran, U. S. (2022) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.56176 · Cited by 33 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Furthermore, there is some evidence that one of the other frequently used mindfulness scales, the Five Facts Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), also conforms to such a temporal two-component model [39].”
Isbel, B., Stefanidis, K. B., & Summers, M. J. (2020) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000957 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kohls, N., Walach, H., & Lewith, G. (2009) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/008467209x12524724282032 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationMindful in a random forest: Assessing the validity of mindfulness items using random forests methods
Sauer, S., Lemke, J., Zinn, W., Buettner, R., & Kohls, N. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationUllrich-French, S. C., Cox, A. E., & Huong, C. (2021) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2021.1952207 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Exploring Mindfulness Benefits for Students and Teachers in Three German High Schools
Luong, M. T., Gouda, S., Bauer, J., & Schmidt, S. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01231-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of a Chinese Version of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory–Short Version
Chen, S., & Zhou, R. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0208-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hassed, C. S., Flighty, A. J., Chambers, R., HOSEMANS, D. J. F., Bailey, N. W., Connaughton, S., Lee, S. J., & Kazantzis, N. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10150-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
(2015) · Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Grasmann, J., Almenräder, F., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054445 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sanchez-Lara, E., Lozano-Ruiz, Á., Pérez-Garcı́a, M., & Caracuel, A. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1976724 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Validation of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire among community-dwelling older adults.
Brady, B., Kneebone, I. I., & Bailey, P. E. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0994-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Negatively biased cognition as a mechanism of mindfulness: a review of the literature
Ford, C. G., Kiken, L. G., Haliwa, I., & Shook, N. J. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02147-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hirayama, M. S., Milani, D., Rodrigues, R. C. M., de Barros, N. F., & Alexandre, N. M. C. (2014) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232014199.12272013 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kraines, M. A., Peterson, S. K., Tremont, G. N., Beard, C., Brewer, J. A., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01841-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Salem, M. B., & Karlin, N. J. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211061705 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Validation of the Dutch Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory in Patients With Medical Illness
Bruggeman-Everts, F. Z., van der Lee, M. L., Hooft, E. F. M. V. ‘., & Nyklíček, I. (2017) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244017705936 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mapping the mindfulness: An literature Review of mindfulness in educational field
Kim, D. J. (2022) · Open Education Studies · doi:10.1515/edu-2022-0008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Karatepe, H. T., & Yavuz, K. F. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1663582 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lilja, J. L., Falkenström, F., Zelleroth, C., Jacobson, E., Risberg, S., Nissling, L., & Weineland, S. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12602 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Traducción y validación de la versión abreviada del Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI-14)
Pérez-Verduzco, G., & Arocena, F. A. L. (2017) · Revista Evaluar · doi:10.35670/1667-4545.v17.n1.17076 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pinnock, R., Ritchie, D., Gallagher, S., Henning, M. A., & Webster, C. S. (2021) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-020-10022-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hallit, S., Bitar, Z., Rogoza, R., & Obeid, S. (2022) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1255958/v1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
How long did the time spent in meditation feel? “Attention. Attention. Attention.”.
Sedlmeier, P., Winkler, I., & Lukina, A. (2020) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000254 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory-Short Form
Noda, S., Komatsu, C., Honda, Y., Hasegawa, Y., Hasegawa, A., Higuchi, M., Suzuki, T., Kumano, H., Fukui, I., & Kaiya, H. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01924-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mindfulness and acceptance theories.
Follette, V. M., & Hazlett‐Stevens, H. (2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14773-010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kümmerle, S., Heidenreich, T., & Müller‐Engelmann, M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02093-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bitar, Z., Fekih Romdhane, F., Rogoza, R., Ghorab, H. M., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2023.2267483 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mulyono, W. A., & Chen, H. (2023) · Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman · doi:10.20884/1.jks.2023.18.2.8298 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Choi, Y., Cho, I., Chun, H.-R., Park, S., Cho, E.-Y., Park, S., & Cho, S. (2024) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f15030472 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The validity and the reliability of freiburg mindfulness inventory to Turkish
Kalafatoğlu, Y. (2021) · Global Journal of Psychology Research New Trends and Issues · doi:10.18844/gjpr.v11i2.6578 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Iacob, V., Carmo, C., Garcês, S. F., Chiodelli, R., Walach, H., & de Jesús, S. N. (2025) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2025.2471336 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)
Medvedev, O. N., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_21-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koch, A. K., Schröter, M., Berschick, J., Schiele, J. K., Bogdanski, M., Steinmetz, M., Stritter, W., Voss, A., Seifert, G., & Keßler, C. S. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08491-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Iacob, V., Carmo, C., Garcês, S. F., Chiodelli, R., Walach, H., & de Jesús, S. N. (2025) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2025.2471336 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationFreiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)
Medvedev, O. N., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_21
Schmid, P., Tschöke, S., Nauss, C., Prinz, P., Jauch-Ederer, C., Kordeuter, A. L., & Uhlmann, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1765531
Cassar, L., Neu, T., & Jansen, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Behavioral Economics · doi:10.3389/frbhe.2026.1875793
- Authors
- Walach, H., Sauer, S., Kohls, N., Rose, N., & Schmidt, S.
- Affiliations
- Kazimieras Simonavičius University (LT)
- Ansbach University of Applied Sciences (DE)
- Coburg University of Applied Sciences (DE)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Stefan
- Venue
- BMC Psychology
- Published
- 2025-11-26
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1328-1328
- ISSN
- 2050-7283 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4416681891
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 5.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, mindfulness assessment, normative scores, psychometric properties, measurement invariance, anxiety, depression, German population, questionnaire calibration
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
