Synthesis of gold, platinum, and gold-platinum alloy nanoparticle colloids with high-power megahertz-repetition-rate lasers: the importance of the beam guidance method
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Abstract Nanoparticles of noble metals and their alloys are of particular interest for biomedicine and catalysis applications. The method of laser ablation of bulk metals in liquids gives facile access to such particles as high-purity colloids and is already used in industrial research. However, the method still lacks sufficient productivity for industrial implementation into series production. The use of innovative laser technology may help to further disseminate this colloid synthesis method in the near future. Ultrashort-pulsed lasers with high powers and megahertz-repetition-rates became available recently, but place high demands on the accurate optical laser pulse delivery on the target. Full lateral pulse separation is necessary to avoid a reduction of nanoparticle productivity due to pulse shielding. In this study, we compare flexible but rather slow galvanometer scanning with much faster but more expensive polygon-wheel scanning in their performance in the production of colloidal nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquid. Both beam guidance technologies are applied in the laser ablation of gold, platinum, and a gold-rich platinum alloy in micromolar saline water. We found that the dimensions of the scan pattern are crucial. A threshold pattern length exists, at which one scan technology becomes more productive than the other one. In addition, a much lower productivity was found for the ablation of gold compared to that of platinum. Alloying gold with only 10 at.% of platinum improved the productivity nearly to the level of platinum, reaching 8.3 g/h.
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Polygon wheel scanners are efficient in beam guidance for picosecond pulsed laser synthesis of Au and Pt colloidal NPs but at the expense of power losses.
“Polygon wheel scanners are efficient in this case but at the expense of power losses.”
Waag et al. observed that the optimum laser power delivery for NP generation depended on the scanning length of the beam, which further depended on the length of the target material itself.
“They observed that the optimum laser power delivery for NP generation depended on the scanning length of the beam, which further depended on the length of the target material itself.”
PLAL produces nanoparticles in a scale of tens to hundreds of milligrams.
“Meanwhile, PLAL produces NPs in a scale of tens to hundreds of milligrams, which has been extended achieving g h À1 productivities for other metallic 52 and ceramic NPs, 53 and with a record of 8 grams per hour for Pt NPs produced by Waag et al. 54 in 2021.”
From Green nanoparticle synthesis at scale: a perspective on overcoming the limits of pulsed laser ablation in liquids for high-throughput production (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
A record of 8 grams per hour for Pt nanoparticles produced by PLAL was reported by Waag et al. in 2021.
“Meanwhile, PLAL produces NPs in a scale of tens to hundreds of milligrams, which has been extended achieving g h À1 productivities for other metallic 52 and ceramic NPs, 53 and with a record of 8 grams per hour for Pt NPs produced by Waag et al. 54 in 2021.”
From Green nanoparticle synthesis at scale: a perspective on overcoming the limits of pulsed laser ablation in liquids for high-throughput production (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
A minimum ablation duration of 5 minutes is required to obtain a reliable gram-per-hour value while accounting for nanoparticle shielding, target depth variation, persistent microbubbles, and scanning and repetition rate effects.
“For this reason, the minimum ablation duration of 5 minutes is required to obtain a reliable gram per-hour value while also accounting for the effect of nanoparticle shielding, 76 target depth variation, persistent microbubbles, 84 and scanning and repetition rate effects.54”
From Green nanoparticle synthesis at scale: a perspective on overcoming the limits of pulsed laser ablation in liquids for high-throughput production (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Gram-per-hour production rate of NPs has been achieved for different materials by increasing the interpulse distance and bypassing the cavitation bubble.
“Besides, the gram-perhour production rate of NPs has been achieved for different materials by increasing the interpulse distance and bypassing the cavitation bubble.[52][53][54]74,170”
From Green nanoparticle synthesis at scale: a perspective on overcoming the limits of pulsed laser ablation in liquids for high-throughput production (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
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“[123] conducted a comparative study on beam guidance methods (using galvanometric mirrors and polygon wheels) in picosecond pulsed laser synthesis of Au and Pt colloidal NPs and their alloys.”
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- Authors
- Waag, F., Streubel, R., Gökce, B., & Barcikowski, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Barcikowski, Stephan
- Venue
- Applied Nanoscience
- Published
- 2021-02-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1303-1312
- ISSN
- 2190-5509 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-5517
- OpenAlex
- W3131558876
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied Nanoscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (GO 2566/7-1)
- Projekt DEAL
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Laser-Ablation Synthesis of Nanoparticles
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Laser Material Processing Techniques
- Keywords
- laser ablation in liquid, colloidal nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, ultrafast lasers, galvanometer scanning, saline water
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