Azospirillum brasilense affects survival, growth and nutrient status of micropropagated sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plantlets during ex vitro conditions
Open accessAbstract
Azospirillum brasilense is a rhizobacterium that promotes growth and has physiological effects on the development of different crops. This study evaluated the effect of different doses of A. brasilense on the survival, growth and nutrient status of micropropagated sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.) cv. Mex 69–290 plantlets during ex vitro conditions. Sugarcane plantlets were inoculated with control, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 × 10 6 CFU (Colony-Forming Units) per ml of A. brasilense during acclimatization. After 60 days of greenhouse acclimatization, we evaluated the survival percentage, plantlet development, dry matter percentage, chlorophyll content, β-carotene content, and macro and micronutrient content. Results indicate that the inoculation of Saccharum spp. with A. brasilense had dose-dependent effects on the evaluated physiological and development-related variables. The 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose of A. brasilense maintained a high survival rate, provided adequate growth and favored N, P, Mg, Mn, and B absorption. However, the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose of A. brasilense had negative effects on survival and development. The symbiotic interaction between A. brasilense and Saccharum spp. during acclimatization represents an alternative to improve plantlet quality before field transplantation. Future research is required on the effect of A. brasilense during the commercial establishment of basic sugarcane seedbeds.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In micropropagated sugarcane cv. Mex 69-290 plantlets, inoculation with *Azospirillum brasilense* during greenhouse acclimatization had dose-dependent effects on survival, growth, pigments, and nutrient status. The 1 × 10⁶ CFU/ml dose maintained high survival and favored growth and N, P, Mg, Mn, and B absorption, whereas 2 × 10⁶ CFU/ml reduced survival and development.
Key findings
- Survival was highest at control, 0.5, and 1 × 10⁶ CFU/ml (98.3%, 99%, and 99.6%, respectively), while the 2 × 10⁶ CFU/ml dose had the lowest survival (18.3%).
- The 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10⁶ CFU/ml doses gave the greatest plantlet length (39.5, 40.1, and 38.8 cm), leaves per plantlet (5.1, 5.2, and 5.1), and dry matter (35.9%, 34.2%, and 34.7%); the 2 × 10⁶ CFU/ml dose had the smallest length (13.1 cm), fewest leaves (3), and lowest dry matter (27%).
- The 1 × 10⁶ CFU/ml dose produced the highest N (8327.6 mg kg⁻¹ DW), P (2620.0 mg kg⁻¹ DW), Mg (2539 mg kg⁻¹ DW), Mn (175.6 mg kg⁻¹ DW), and B (10.2 mg kg⁻¹ DW); the 2 × 10⁶ CFU/ml dose produced the lowest values for these nutrients.
- The paper reports no treatment effect on K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn content, although the table shows a significant P-value for Ca.
Methods
- Micropropagated sugarcane cv. Mex 69-290 plantlets were inoculated during greenhouse acclimatization with *A. brasilense* at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 × 10⁶ CFU/ml; plantlets were not fertilized and were irrigated with osmosis water twice daily for two months.
- The experiment used a completely randomized design with 32 plantlets per treatment and was carried out in triplicate; after 60 days, survival, plantlet length, leaves, roots, root length, dry matter, chlorophyll, β-carotene, and macro/micronutrient contents were measured.
- Data were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey’s test (P < 0.05); percentage values were arcsine-transformed.
Limitations
- The paper states that future research is required on the effect of *A. brasilense* during commercial establishment of basic sugarcane seedbeds.
- Evident from the text: the study is limited to one cultivar (Mex 69-290), greenhouse ex vitro acclimatization, a single 60-day evaluation, no fertilization, and no field yield or commercial seedbed assessment.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
23 of 42 cited sources checked · 10 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
dos Santos et al. [18] reported that 2 × 10 8 CFU/ml of A. brasilense promoted development of micropropagated plantlets of sugarcane, compared to the control.
“dos Santos et al. [18] reported that 2 × 10 8 CFU/ml of A. brasilense promoted development of micropropagated plantlets of sugarcane, compared to the control.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] dos Santos TS, Ootani MA, de Andrade FHN, de Oliveira Oliveira RA, Guerra YL, Lima PG, Romero MA, de Melo JC. Influence of Azospirillum Brasilense on micro-propagated sugarcane seedlings. Res Soc Dev. 2023;12:e26312441354. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i4.41354. source
- Interpretationcitation
The increase in N content with the 1 and 1.5 × 10^6 CFU/ml doses could be related to the increase in chlorophyll content.
“The increase in N content observed with the 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses could be related to the increase in chlorophyll content since one of the main mechanisms of Azospirillum is N fixation [47,49].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [47] Pérez-Gálvez A, Viera I, Roca M. Carotenoids and chlorophylls as antioxidants. Antioxidants. 2020;2022(9):505. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060505. source
Section 4.2 discusses chlorophyll content in relation to antioxidant capacity, not plant nitrogen content. Searches for Azospirillum, nitrogen fixation, and the stated CFU/ml doses found no passage in our copy linking the reported nitrogen increase to chlorophyll content. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [49] Fukami J, Ollero FJ, Megías M, Hungria M. Phytohormones and induction of plant-stress tolerance and defense genes by seed and foliar inoculation with Azospirillum Brasilense cells and metabolites promote maize growth. AMB Express. 2017;7:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0453-7. source
The Results (plant-growth parameters, page unavailable) report increased chlorophyll content after several Azospirillum treatments, and the Introduction lists biological nitrogen fixation among its growth-promoting mechanisms. The paper does not report increased plant N content at the specified 1 and 1.5 × 10^6 CFU/ml doses or link those N increases to chlorophyll. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
The increase in Mn at the dose of 1 × 10^6 CFU/ml could be related to the increase in chlorophyll.
“The increase in Mn at the doses of 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml could also be related to the increase in chlorophyll because this micronutrient acts as a cofactor in the oxygen-generating complex of photosystem II, catalyzing the water-splitting reaction [58].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] Alejandro S, Höller S, Meier B, Peiter E. Manganese in plants: from acquisition to subcellular allocation. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:300. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00300. source
- Premisecitation
dos Santos et al. [18] reported that 2 × 10 8 CFU/ml of A. brasilense promoted total chlorophyll of micropropagated plantlets of sugarcane, compared to the control.
“dos Santos et al. [18] reported that 2 × 10 8 CFU/ ml of A. brasilense promoted total chlorophyll of micropropagated plantlets of sugarcane, compared to the control.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] dos Santos TS, Ootani MA, de Andrade FHN, de Oliveira Oliveira RA, Guerra YL, Lima PG, Romero MA, de Melo JC. Influence of Azospirillum Brasilense on micro-propagated sugarcane seedlings. Res Soc Dev. 2023;12:e26312441354. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i4.41354. source
The Methodology identifies the inoculant concentration as 2.0 × 10⁸ CFU/mL. Table 3 and the Results show higher total chlorophyll than the controls only for the A. brasilense treatment combined with nitrogen fertilization; the bacteria-only treatments had similar values to the controls. The claim omits that nitrogen-fertilization condition. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
The highest number of leaves per plantlet was 5.1, 5.2, and 5.1 for plantlets inoculated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, respectively.
“As for the number of leaves per plantlet, the plantlets with the highest number of leaves were those inoculated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with 5.1, 5.2 and 5.1 leaves/plantlet respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The lowest number of leaves per plantlet was 3 for plantlets inoculated with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.
“On the other hand, the plantlets inoculated with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml had the lowest number with 3 leaves per plantlet (Fig. 2c).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The highest B content was 10.2 and 10 mg kg ̶ 1 DW with 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml treatments.
“For B, the highest content, 10.2 and 10 mg kg ̶ 1 DW, was observed with the 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml treatments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
β-carotene content was higher in plantlets inoculated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with 5, 5.5, and 5.8 mg g -1 FW per plantlet, respectively.
“β-carotene content was higher in the plantlets inoculated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with 5, 5.5, and 5.8 mg g -1 FW per plantlet, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The smallest plantlet length was 13.1 cm with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.
“The smallest length (13.1 cm) was observed with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose (Fig. 2b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest number of roots per plantlet was 7.7 for plantlets inoculated with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.
“On the other hand, plantlets inoculated with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml had the lowest amount with 7.7 roots/plantlet (Fig. 2d).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The greatest plantlet length was obtained with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses, with values of 39.5, 40.1, and 38.8 cm, respectively.
“Regarding plantlet length, the greatest length was obtained with the 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses, with values of 39.5, 40.1, and 38.8 cm, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mg content was higher in plantlets inoculated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with 2220, 2539, and 2076.6 mg kg -1 DW, respectively.
“Mg content was higher in the plantlets inoculated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with 2220, 2539, and 2076.6 mg kg -1 DW, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The highest P content was 2620.0 mg kg ̶ 1 DW with the 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.
“As for P, the highest content, 2620.0 mg kg ̶ 1 DW, was obtained with the 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Plantlets inoculated with A. brasilense had significantly different contents of N, P, Mg, Mn, and B.
“Plantlets inoculated with A. brasilense had significantly different contents of specific macro and micronutrients, such as N, P, Mg, Mn, and (B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest dry matter percentage was 27% for plantlets inoculated with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.
“On the other hand, the plantlets inoculated with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml had the lowest DM percentage with 27% per plantlet (Fig. 2f ).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest B content was 4.8 mg kg ̶ 1 DW with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.
“On the other hand, the lowest B content, 4.8 mg kg ̶ 1 DW, was obtained with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest total chlorophyll content was 0.2 mg g -1 FW/plantlet for plantlets inoculated with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.
“The lowest content (0.2 mg g -1 FW/plantlet) was observed with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose (Fig. 2g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The longest root length was 37.6 cm for plantlets treated with 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml.
“Additionally, the plantlets with the longest roots were those treated with 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with a root length of 37.6 cm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest β-carotene content was 3.8 and 4 mg g -1 FW per plantlet for plantlets inoculated with 0 and 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml, respectively.
“On the other hand, the plantlets inoculated with 0 and 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml had the lowest β-carotene content with 3.8 and 4 mg g -1 FW per plantlet, respectively (Fig. 2h).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A. brasilense inoculation altered chlorophyll and β-carotene content.
“A. brasilense inoculation altered chlorophyll and β-carotene content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The highest doses (1.5 and 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml) negatively affected plant survival.
“However, the highest doses inoculated in this study (1.5 and 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml) negatively affected plant survival.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The highest N content was 8327.6 mg kg ̶ 1 DW with a 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.
“The highest N content, 8327.6 mg kg ̶ 1 DW, was obtained with a 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The highest survival percentages of ex vitro sugarcane plantlets were 98.3%, 99%, and 99.6% with control, 0.5, and 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml A. brasilense treatments, respectively.
“The highest survival percentages (98.3, 99, and 99.6%) were obtained with the control, 0.5, and 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml treatments, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Inoculation of A. brasilense affected the development of ex vitro sugarcane plantlets.
“The inoculation of A. brasilense affected the development of ex vitro sugarcane plantlets (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest N content was 4860 mg kg ̶ 1 DW with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.
“On the other hand, the lowest N content, 4860 mg kg ̶ 1 DW, was obtained with the dose of 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest Mn content was 50.4 mg kg ̶ 1 DW with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.
“On the other hand, the lowest Mn content, 50.4 mg kg ̶ 1 DW, was obtained with the dose of 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The shortest root length was 18.9 cm for plantlets treated with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.
“The shortest roots (18.9 cm) were observed with the dose of 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml (Fig. 2e).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest P content was 1227.6 mg kg ̶ 1 DW with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.
“Meanwhile, the lowest P content, 1227.6 mg kg ̶ 1 DW, was obtained with 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest survival percentage of ex vitro sugarcane plantlets was 18.3% with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.
“The lowest survival percentage (18.3%)was obtained with the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose (Fig. 2a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The highest Mn content was 175.6 mg kg ̶ 1 DW with the 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.
“Regarding micronutrients, the highest Mn content, 175.6 mg kg ̶ 1 DW, was obtained with the 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose decreased chlorophyll and β-carotene content.
“On the other hand, the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose decreased chlorophyll and β-carotene content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Treatment had no effect on K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn content.
“However, treatment had no effect on K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn content (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The dose of 1 × 10^6 CFU/ml of A. brasilense maintains chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation in sugarcane plantlets.
“Additionally, this dose maintains chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The inoculation of A. brasilense influenced the macronutrient (N, P, and Mg) and micronutrient (Mn and B) contents of sugarcane plantlets grown ex vitro.
“The inoculation of A. brasilense influenced the macronutrient (N, P, and Mg) and micronutrient (Mn and B) contents of sugarcane plantlets grown ex vitro.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The highest dose (2 × 10^6 CFU/ml) of A. brasilense had negative effects on plant survival and development.
“However, the highest dose (2 × 10⁶ CFU/ml) had negative effects on plant survival and development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Mg content increased in sugarcane plantlets with the 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10^6 CFU/ml doses of A. brasilense.
“The observed increase in Mg with the 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
P content increased in sugarcane plantlets with the 1 × 10^6 CFU/ml dose of A. brasilense.
“the increase in P with the 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
B content increased in sugarcane plantlets with the 1 and 1.5 × 10^6 CFU/ml doses of A. brasilense.
“The increase in B at the 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
N content increased in sugarcane plantlets with the 1 and 1.5 × 10^6 CFU/ml doses of A. brasilense.
“The increase in N content observed with the 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Mn content increased in sugarcane plantlets with the 1 × 10^6 CFU/ml dose of A. brasilense.
“The increase in Mn at the doses of 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The inoculation of A. brasilense in sugarcane cv. Mex 69-290 plantlets during the acclimatization stage had a dose-dependent effect on ex vitro development and physiology.
“The inoculation of A. brasilense in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) cv.Mex 69-290 plantlets during the acclimatization stage had a dose-dependent effect on ex vitro development and physiology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
According to Obata et al. [43], excess rhizosphere bacteria can directly degrade chlorophyll through specific enzymes that dismantle the pigment's structure.
“According to Obata et al. [43], excess rhizosphere bacteria can directly degrade chlorophyll through specific enzymes that dismantle the pigment's structure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Obata D, Takabayashi A, Tanaka R, Tanaka A, Ito H. Horizontal transfer of promiscuous activity from nonphotosynthetic bacteria contributed to evolution of chlorophyll degradation pathway. Mol Biol Evol. 2019;36:2830–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz193. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The decrease in chlorophyll and β-carotene content at the 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose is probably due to the decreased synthesis or degradation of these pigments as a result of a toxic or antagonistic effect on sugarcane plantlets.
“This is probably due to the decreased synthesis or degradation of these pigments as a result of a toxic or antagonistic effect on sugarcane plantlets.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Many soil and root-associated bacteria secrete hydrolases and Mg-dechelatases that attack chlorophyll.
- Interpretationreasoning
High doses of A. brasilense may have a toxic or antagonistic effect on sugarcane plantlets.
“High doses of A. brasilense may have a toxic or antagonistic effect on sugarcane plantlets.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A low chlorophyll content could be associated with the lowest N and Mg content.
“Furthermore, a low chlorophyll content could be associated with the lowest N and Mg content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The increase in chlorophyll content at the 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses could be associated with greater photosynthetic activity.
“The increase in chlorophyll content at the 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses could be associated with greater photosynthetic activity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The increase in β-carotene content at the 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses could be associated with the production of photoprotective compounds.
“The increase in β-carotene content at the 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses could be associated with the production of photoprotective compounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: β-carotene is a photoprotective compound derived from carotenoids.
- Interpretationreasoning
The high survival percentages at 0.5 and 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml could be attributed to the symbiotic interaction promoted by bacterial colonization.
“These results (0.5 and 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml) could be attributed to the symbiotic interaction promoted by bacterial colonization.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The observed increase in Mg with the 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10^6 CFU/ml doses could be associated with the increase in chlorophyll synthesis.
“The observed increase in Mg with the 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses could be associated with the increase in chlorophyll synthesis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The increase in P with the 1 × 10^6 CFU/ml dose suggests greater development of the root system.
“On the other hand, the increase in P with the 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose suggests greater development of the root system.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 36
- May combine two claims. 22
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe effects of A. brasilense on development have been reported in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) [38], and maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) [39].
“The effects of A. brasilense on development have been reported in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) [38], and maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) [39].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [38] Cassán F, Perrig D, Sgroy V, Masciarelli O, Penna C, Luna V. Azospirillum Brasilense Az39 and Bradyrhizobium Japonicum E109, inoculated singly or in combination, promote seed germination and early seedling growth in corn (Zea Mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L). Eur J Soil Biol. 2009;45:28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.005. source
- cites [39] Fukami J, Nogueira MA, Araujo RS, Hungria M. Accessing inoculation methods of maize and wheat with Azospirillum Brasilense. AMB Expr. 2016;6:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0171-y. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPhytohormones improve the metabolic functions of plants, influence root exudation, and alter gene expressions, cell division, xylem processes, root development, and different signaling processes.
“Phytohormones improve the metabolic functions of plants, influence root exudation, and alter gene expressions, cell division, xylem processes, root development, and different signaling processes [41].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Zaheer MS, Ali HH, Iqbal MA, Erinle KO, Javed T, Iqbal J, Mumtaz MZ, Salama EAA, Kalaji HM, Wróbel J, Dessoky S. Cytokinin production by Azospirillum Brasilense contributes to increase in growth, yield, antioxidant, and physiological systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Front Microbiol. 2022;13:886041. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.886041. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThis pigment acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preventing cell damage.
“This pigment acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preventing cell damage [47].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] Pérez-Gálvez A, Viera I, Roca M. Carotenoids and chlorophylls as antioxidants. Antioxidants. 2020;2022(9):505. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060505. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA greater content of chlorophyll and carotenoids has been previously reported in maize (Zea mays) inoculated with A. brasilense.
“A greater content of chlorophyll and carotenoids has been previously reported in maize (Zea mays) [49,50] inoculated with A. brasilense.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [49] Fukami J, Ollero FJ, Megías M, Hungria M. Phytohormones and induction of plant-stress tolerance and defense genes by seed and foliar inoculation with Azospirillum Brasilense cells and metabolites promote maize growth. AMB Express. 2017;7:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0453-7. source
The Results section ('Effects of inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense and their metabolites on plant-growth parameters'; page unavailable) reports increased chlorophyll content in maize for most treatments compared with the non-inoculated control. It does not report an increase in carotenoid content, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [50] Checchio MV, de Cássia Alves R, de Oliveira KR, Moro GV, Santos DMMD, Gratão PL. Enhancement of salt tolerance in corn using Azospirillum brasilense: an approach on antioxidant systems. J Plant Res. 2021;134:1279–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-021-01332-1. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRibeiro et al. [42] reported that maize plantlets inoculated with 10 7 CFU/ml plantlet of A. brasilense enhanced root growth, nutrient content, and dry weight.
“Ribeiro et al. [42] reported that maize plantlets inoculated with 10 7 CFU/ml plantlet of A. brasilense enhanced root growth, nutrient content, and dry weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Ribeiro VP, Gomes EA, de Sousa SM, de Paula LUG, Coelho AM, Marriel IE, de Oliveira-Paiva CA. Co-inoculation with tropical strains of Azospirillum and Bacillus is more efficient than single inoculation for improving plant growth and nutrient uptake in maize. Arch Microbiol. 2022;204:143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02759-3. source
The hydroponic methods specify a suspension of 10^7 CFU/mL, and the results report improved root growth, nutrient content, and dry weight in inoculated maize seedlings (page unavailable). However, the strongest improvements were from co-inoculation, particularly of two A. brasilense strains; the paper does not establish that A. brasilense alone enhanced all three outcomes as the citing sentence implies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe effects of A. brasilense on plantlet survival under ex vitro conditions have been previously demonstrated in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and mountain wormwood (Artemisia umbelliformis).
“The effects of A. brasilense on plantlet survival under ex vitro conditions have been previously demonstrated in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) [35] and mountain wormwood (Artemisia umbelliformis) [36].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [35] Larraburu EE, Bususcovich AC, Llorente BE. Azospirillum Brasilense improves in vitro and ex vitro rooting-acclimatization of Jojoba. Sci Hortic. 2016;209:139–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.06.016. source
- cites [36] Pace L, Pellegrini M, Palmieri S, Rocchi R, Lippa L, del Gallo M. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for in vitro and ex vitro performance enhancement of apennines’ Genepì (Artemisia umbelliformis subsp. eriantha), an endangered phytotherapeutic plant. Vitro Cell Dev Biol -Plant. 2020;56:134–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-10035-1. source
The indexed Abstract reports that a consortium containing A. brasilense improved propagation and acclimatization of Artemisia umbelliformis subsp. eriantha, with plants followed into ex vitro cultivation. It does not report a plantlet-survival result or isolate the effect of A. brasilense from the other bacteria in the consortium. The jojoba finding has a separate citation and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationFukami et al. [39] reported that 1 × 10 5 and 1.74 × 10 4 CFU/ml of A. brasilense promoted the root growth of maize and wheat seeds under greenhouse conditions.
“Fukami et al. [39] reported that 1 × 10 5 and 1.74 × 10 4 CFU/ml of A. brasilense promoted the root growth of maize and wheat seeds under greenhouse conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] Fukami J, Nogueira MA, Araujo RS, Hungria M. Accessing inoculation methods of maize and wheat with Azospirillum Brasilense. AMB Expr. 2016;6:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0171-y. source
The Methods section (no page available) gives 1 × 10⁵ cells per seed or plant for maize and 1.74 × 10⁴ cells per seed or plant for wheat—not CFU/ml. The greenhouse Results report improved maize root volume with 2.5 doses of seed inoculant and increased wheat root dry weight with one dose applied by foliar spray. Thus the paper supports greenhouse root-growth effects, but not the claim that the stated CFU/ml concentrations promoted root growth from inoculated seeds in both crops. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationFukami et al. [49] reported that A. brasilense promoted chlorophyll content in maize plants inoculated with 1.6 × 10 5 CFU/ml.
“Fukami et al. [49] reported that A. brasilense promoted chlorophyll content in maize plants inoculated with 1.6 × 10 5 CFU/ml.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] Fukami J, Ollero FJ, Megías M, Hungria M. Phytohormones and induction of plant-stress tolerance and defense genes by seed and foliar inoculation with Azospirillum Brasilense cells and metabolites promote maize growth. AMB Express. 2017;7:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0453-7. source
The Results section reports significantly higher chlorophyll content in maize for most A. brasilense treatments, but not for seed inoculation with Ab-V5. The Methods give the dose as 1.6 × 10⁵ cells per seed or per plant, not 1.6 × 10⁵ CFU/mL. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRoot growth phytostimulation by Azospirillum includes morphological changes: a decrease in the elongation of the main root; an increase in the lateral and adventitious roots; an increase in the number of root hairs; and a significant increase in the root surface and volume, probably related to the improvement in water and nutrient acquisition.
“Root growth phytostimulation by Azospirillum includes a number of morphological changes: a decrease in the elongation of the main root; an increase in the lateral and adventitious roots; an increase in the number of root hairs; and a significant increase in the root surface and volume, probably related to the improvement in water and nutrient acquisition [39].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] Fukami J, Nogueira MA, Araujo RS, Hungria M. Accessing inoculation methods of maize and wheat with Azospirillum Brasilense. AMB Expr. 2016;6:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0171-y. source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMg plays an important role in the chlorophyll molecule because it participates in light absorption and CO 2 assimilation reactions in the chloroplast.
“Mg plays an important role in the chlorophyll molecule because it participates in light absorption and CO 2 assimilation reactions in the chloroplast [45].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] Chaudhry AH, Nayab S, Hussain SB, Ali M, Pan Z. Current understandings on magnesium deficiency and future outlooks for sustainable agriculture. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:1819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041819. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPace et al. [36] demonstrated that inoculating 1 × 10 6 CFU/gr of a microbial consortium (Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Burkholderia ambifaria, and Herbaspirillum seropedicae) promoted 81.3% survival.
“Pace et al. [36] demonstrated that inoculating 1 × 10 6 CFU/gr of a microbial consortium (Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Burkholderia ambifaria, and Herbaspirillum seropedicae) promoted 81.3% survival.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Pace L, Pellegrini M, Palmieri S, Rocchi R, Lippa L, del Gallo M. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for in vitro and ex vitro performance enhancement of apennines’ Genepì (Artemisia umbelliformis subsp. eriantha), an endangered phytotherapeutic plant. Vitro Cell Dev Biol -Plant. 2020;56:134–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-10035-1. source
The indexed copy contains an IRIS repository entry rather than the paper’s results; the section labeled “Abstract > 1.1 Articolo in rivista” lists a PDF marked “solo utenti autorizzati” (authorized users only), with no page number. Searches for 81.3% survival, the four named bacteria, and the CFU/g dose found no passage reporting the claimed experiment. The paper’s results may be missing from this copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCassán et al. [40] and Ribeiro et al. [42] note that Azospirillum spp. alters root architecture, increasing ramification, volume, and the formation of root hairs.
“Cassán et al. [40] and Ribeiro et al. [42] note that Azospirillum spp.alters root architecture, increasing ramification, volume, and the formation of root hairs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [40] Cassán F, Coniglio A, López G, Molina R, Nievas S, de Carlan CLN, Donadio F, Torres D, Rosas S, Pedrosa FO, de Souza E, Zorita MD, de-Bashan L, Mora V. Everything you must know about Azospirillum and its impact on agriculture and beyond. Biol Fertil Soils. 2020;56:461–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-020-01463-y. source
- cites [42] Ribeiro VP, Gomes EA, de Sousa SM, de Paula LUG, Coelho AM, Marriel IE, de Oliveira-Paiva CA. Co-inoculation with tropical strains of Azospirillum and Bacillus is more efficient than single inoculation for improving plant growth and nutrient uptake in maize. Arch Microbiol. 2022;204:143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02759-3. source
The Introduction (page not available in our copy) says Azospirillum alters root architecture by increasing root branching and volume. It does not mention increased formation of root hairs; the paper’s root-morphology measurements likewise do not include root hairs. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationGreater Mg absorption correlates with increased chlorophyll content in plants inoculated with A. brasilense.
“Ansari et al. [56] point out that greater Mg absorption correlates with increased chlorophyll content in plants inoculated with A. brasilense.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] Ansari M, Shekari F, Mohammadi MH, Juhos K, Végvári G, Biró B. Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria enhanced salinity tolerance of salt-tolerant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars at high salinity. Acta Physiol Plant. 2019;41:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2988-5. source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says higher chlorophyll pigment content in inoculated plants was related to greater magnesium absorption. It does not make that association specifically for A. brasilense; the study’s chlorophyll results concern alfalfa inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. or H. diazotrophicus. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMg is an essential structural component of chlorophyll a and b.
“Khan et al. [57] state that Mg is an essential structural component of chlorophyll a and b.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] Khan MA, Hamayun M, Asaf S, Khan M, Yun BW, Kang SM, Lee IJ. Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Rescues plant growth under salinity stress via regulating gene expression, endogenous hormones, and antioxidant system of Oryza sativa L. Front. Plant Sci. 2021;12:665590. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.665590. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSu et al. [52] reported that chlorophyll content indicates photosynthetic rate and affects plant growth.
“Su et al. [52] reported that chlorophyll content indicates photosynthetic rate and affects plant growth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [52] Su F, Zhao B, Dhondt-Cordelier S, Vaillant-Gaveau N. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria modulate carbohydrate metabolism in connection with host plant defense mechanism. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031465. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationManganese acts as a cofactor in the oxygen-generating complex of photosystem II, catalyzing the water-splitting reaction.
“this micronutrient acts as a cofactor in the oxygen-generating complex of photosystem II, catalyzing the water-splitting reaction [58].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] Alejandro S, Höller S, Meier B, Peiter E. Manganese in plants: from acquisition to subcellular allocation. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:300. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00300. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationOne of the main mechanisms of Azospirillum is N fixation.
“one of the main mechanisms of Azospirillum is N fixation [47,49].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [47] Pérez-Gálvez A, Viera I, Roca M. Carotenoids and chlorophylls as antioxidants. Antioxidants. 2020;2022(9):505. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060505. source
The passages from Section 4.3 discuss chlorophylls’ antioxidant and detoxification effects, not Azospirillum. Searches for “Azospirillum nitrogen fixation” and “N fixation plant growth promoting bacteria” found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed mechanism; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [49] Fukami J, Ollero FJ, Megías M, Hungria M. Phytohormones and induction of plant-stress tolerance and defense genes by seed and foliar inoculation with Azospirillum Brasilense cells and metabolites promote maize growth. AMB Express. 2017;7:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0453-7. source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe highest number of roots per plantlet was 11.7 and 11.6 for plantlets inoculated with 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, respectively.
“As for the number of roots per plantlet, the plantlets with the highest number of roots were those inoculated with 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with 11.7 and 11.6 roots/ plantlet, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe lowest Mg content was 1371.6 and 1220 mg kg -1 DW for plantlets inoculated with 0 and 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml, respectively.
“On the other hand, the plantlets inoculated with 0 and 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml had the lowest Mg content with 1371.6 and 1220 mg kg -1 DW per plantlet, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe highest dose of A. brasilense (2 × 10 6 CFU/ml) did not improve plant development, negatively affecting survival, plantlet length, number of leaves, number of roots, root length, dry matter, and total chlorophyll and β-carotene content.
“In this study, the highest dose of A. brasilense (2 × 10 6 CFU/ml) did not improve plant development, negatively affecting survival, plantlet length, number of leaves, number of roots, root length, dry matter, and total chlorophyll and β-carotene content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe highest total chlorophyll content was 0.5 and 0.6 mg g -1 FW/plantlet for plantlets inoculated with 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, respectively.
“Regarding total chlorophyll content, the plantlets with the highest value were those inoculated with 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with 0.5 and 0.6 mg g -1 FW /plantlet, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe highest dry matter percentage was 35.9%, 34.2%, and 34.7% for plantlets inoculated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, respectively.
“As for the dry matter (DM) percentage, the highest percentage was observed in the plantlets inoculated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml, with 35.9, 34.2, and 34.7%/plantlet, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSugarcane plantlets treated with A. brasilense had significantly higher values of plantlet length, number of leaves per plantlet, root length, number of roots per plantlet, total chlorophyll, β-carotene content, and dry matter compared to the control.
“Sugarcane plantlets treated with A. brasilense had significantly higher values of plantlet length, number of leaves per plantlet, root length, number of roots per plantlet, total chlorophyll, β-carotene content, and dry matter compared to the control (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe dose of 1 × 10^6 CFU/ml of A. brasilense maintains a high survival rate and promotes growth and nutrient absorption (N, P, Mg, Mn, and B) in sugarcane plantlets.
“Our findings suggest that the dose of 1 × 10⁶ CFU/ml of A. brasilense maintains a high survival rate and promotes growth and nutrient absorption (N, P, Mg, Mn, and B).”
- Also stated in: § 5 Conclusion · plain
“The 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml dose of A. brasilense maintained a high survival rate, provided adequate growth and favored N, P, Mg, Mn, and B absorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 5 Conclusion · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationChecchio et al. [50] observed that the carotenoid content of maize seeds increased following inoculation with A. brasilense at 5 × 10 8 CFU/ml.
“Checchio et al. [50] observed that the carotenoid content of maize seeds increased following inoculation with A. brasilense at 5 × 10 8 CFU/ml.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] Checchio MV, de Cássia Alves R, de Oliveira KR, Moro GV, Santos DMMD, Gratão PL. Enhancement of salt tolerance in corn using Azospirillum brasilense: an approach on antioxidant systems. J Plant Res. 2021;134:1279–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-021-01332-1. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThese changes lead to greater exploration of the soil, increasing water and nutrient absorption and improving plant development.
“These changes lead to greater exploration of the soil, increasing water and nutrient absorption and improving plant development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationKargapolova et al. [37] reported a survival rate of 96% when evaluating the effect of inoculating potato plantlets (Solanum tuberosum L.) with 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml of A. lipoferum and A. brasilense strains under greenhouse conditions.
“Under greenhouse conditions, Kargapolova et al. [37] evaluated the effect of inoculating potato plantlets (Solanum tuberosum L.) with 1 × 10 6 CFU/ml of A. lipoferum and A. brasilense strains.They reported a survival rate of 96%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Kargapolova KY, Burygin GL, Tkachenko OV, Evseeva NV, Pukhalskiy YV, Belimov AA. Effectiveness of inoculation of in vitro-grown potato microplants with rhizosphere bacteria of the genus Azospirillum. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult. 2020;141:351–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01791-9. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCassán et al. [38] observed that 3 × 10 8 CFU/ml of A. brasilense promoted root growth of soybean and corn seedlings under greenhouse conditions.
“Cassán et al. [38] observed that 3 × 10 8 CFU/ml of A. brasilense promoted root growth of soybean and corn seedlings under greenhouse conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Cassán F, Perrig D, Sgroy V, Masciarelli O, Penna C, Luna V. Azospirillum Brasilense Az39 and Bradyrhizobium Japonicum E109, inoculated singly or in combination, promote seed germination and early seedling growth in corn (Zea Mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L). Eur J Soil Biol. 2009;45:28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.005. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChlorophyll a is the main pigment responsible for transforming light into chemical energy, while chlorophyll b acts as an accessory pigment that transfers the absorbed light to chlorophyll a.
“Chlorophyll a is the main pigment responsible for transforming light into chemical energy, while chlorophyll b acts as an accessory pigment that transfers the absorbed light to chlorophyll a [46].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Nelson DL, Cox MM. Principios de bioquímica de Lehninger. Artmed Editora.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCarotenoids are light-absorbing molecules that photoprotect photosystems I and II.
“Additionally, carotenoids are light-absorbing molecules that photoprotect photosystems I and II [48].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] Gross J. Pigments in vegetables: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Springer; 2012.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCassán et al. [38] reported that the increase in root biomass favors the exudation of compounds that stimulate the growth of the bacterial population of Azospirillum associated with the roots, which could provide significant amounts of NH 4 + to the plants.
“Cassán et al. [38] reported that the increase in root biomass favors the exudation of compounds that stimulate the growth of the bacterial population of Azospirillum associated with the roots, which could provide significant amounts of NH 4 ⁺ to the plants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Cassán F, Perrig D, Sgroy V, Masciarelli O, Penna C, Luna V. Azospirillum Brasilense Az39 and Bradyrhizobium Japonicum E109, inoculated singly or in combination, promote seed germination and early seedling growth in corn (Zea Mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L). Eur J Soil Biol. 2009;45:28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.005. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLarraburu et al. [35] observed that the survival rate of jojoba plants during acclimatization increased by 95% after inoculation with 1.5 × 10 9 CFU/ml of A. brasilense.
“Larraburu et al. [35] observed that the survival rate of jojoba plants during acclimatization increased by 95% after inoculation with 1.5 × 10 9 CFU/ml of A. brasilense.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Larraburu EE, Bususcovich AC, Llorente BE. Azospirillum Brasilense improves in vitro and ex vitro rooting-acclimatization of Jojoba. Sci Hortic. 2016;209:139–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.06.016. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationA. brasilense was characterized based on Gram staining test [28].
“The isolated cells were characterized based on Gram staining test [28].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Hucker GJ, Conn HJ. Methods of Gram staining. 1923.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAzospirillum spp. have been associated with nitrogen status in plants, through biological fixation or endophytic nitrate reductase activity.
“Azospirillum spp.have been associated with nitrogen status in plants, through biological fixation or endophytic nitrate reductase activity [40].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [40] Cassán F, Coniglio A, López G, Molina R, Nievas S, de Carlan CLN, Donadio F, Torres D, Rosas S, Pedrosa FO, de Souza E, Zorita MD, de-Bashan L, Mora V. Everything you must know about Azospirillum and its impact on agriculture and beyond. Biol Fertil Soils. 2020;56:461–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-020-01463-y. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study followed a completely randomized design with 32 plantlets per treatment and all experiments carried out in triplicate.
“This study followed a completely randomized design.The design involved 32 plantlets per treatment.All experiments were carried out in triplicate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense in sugarcane plantlets during the acclimatization stage is a biotechnological alternative to improve the quality of the plantlets before their transplantation to the field, with the potential to improve crop yield and quality.
“The inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense in sugarcane plantlets during the acclimatization stage is a biotechnological alternative to improve the quality of the plantlets before their transplantation to the field, with the potential to improve crop yield and quality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe negative effects of the highest dose (2 × 10^6 CFU/ml) are likely to result from excessive colonization, which negatively affects the bacteria-plantlet symbiotic relationship, turning into a parasitic interaction.
“This is likely to result from excessive colonization, which negatively affects the bacteria-plantlet symbiotic relationship, turning into a parasitic interaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenPercent values were transformed using the formula Y = arcsine (√x/100).
“Percent values were transformed using the formula: Y = arcsine ( √ x/100), where”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationN content was determined using the semi-micro-Kjeldahl method according to the protocol described by Bremner [32].
“N content was determined using the semi-micro-Kjeldahl method according to the protocol described by Bremner [32].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Bremner JT. Inorganic forms of nitrogen. Methods of soil analysis: part 2. Chemical and Microbiological properties. Volume 9. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1965. pp. 1179–237.
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenExperimental data were analyzed using an analysis of variance with a comparison of means by Tukey's test (P < 0.05) using SPSS statistical software version 23.
“Experimental data were analyzed using an analysis of variance with a comparison of means by Tukey's test (P < 0.05) using SPSS statistical software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 23 Windows).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationCarotenoid (β-carotene) content was determined according to Biehler et al. [30].
“Carotenoid (β-carotene) content was determined according to Biehler et al. [30] and calculated using the formula: C = A 450 × M × 1000 / ε × δ; where: A = absorption (450 nm), M = β-carotene (molecular mass, 537 g -1 mol), ε = molar extinction coefficient of β-carotene in acetone (140.6 L -1 mol cm), δ = optical path (cm).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Biehler E, Mayer F, Hoffmann L, Krause E, Bohn T. Comparison of 3 spectrophotometric methods for carotenoid determination in frequently consumed fruits and vegetables. J Food Sci. 2010;75:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01417.x. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe increase in B at the 1 and 1.5 × 10^6 CFU/ml doses could be due to the ability of A. brasilense to facilitate the absorption of this micronutrient.
“The increase in B at the 1 and 1.5 × 10 6 CFU/ml doses could be due to the ability of A. brasilense to facilitate the absorption of this micronutrient.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationToffoli et al. [51] reported that the increase in chlorophyll content could be associated with greater assimilation of N and Mg in plants inoculated with Azospirillum spp., which results in a higher photosynthetic rate and plant development.
“Additionally, Toffoli et al. [51] reported that the increase in chlorophyll content could be associated with greater assimilation of N and Mg in plants inoculated with Azospirillum spp., which results in a higher photosynthetic rate and plant development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Toffoli LM, Martínez-Zamora MG, Medrano NN, Fontana CA, Lovaisa NC, Delaporte‐Quintana P, Elias MJ, Salazar SM, Pedraza RO. Natural occurrence of Azospirillum Brasilense in Petunia with capacity to improve plant growth and flowering. J Basic Microbiol. 2021;61:662–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202100064. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPGPR can improve the plant's capacity to acquire P from the soil by stimulating root growth and regenerating absorbing root hairs.
“Etesami and Adl [54] reported that PGPR can improve the plant's capacity to acquire P from the soil by stimulating root growth and regenerating absorbing root hairs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] Etesami H, Adl SM. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their action mechanisms in availability of nutrients to plants. In: Kumar M, Kumar V, Prasad R, editors. Phyto-microbiome in stress regulation. Environmental and microbial biotechnology. Singapore: Springer; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2576-6_9. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationChlorophyll content was determined following the protocol proposed by Mahmood et al. [29].
“The chlorophyll content was determined following the protocol proposed by Mahmood et al. [29].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Mahmood M, Bidabadi SS, Ghobadi C, Gray DJ. Effect of Methyl jasmonate treatments on alleviation of polyethylene glycol-mediated water stress in banana (Musa acuminata cv. ‘Berangan’, AAA) shoot tip cultures. Plant Growth Regul. 2012;68:161–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-012-9702-6. source
The paper relies on this without support.
There are few studies on the effect of inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense during the acclimatization stage in micropropagated sugarcane plantlets.
“In addition, there are few studies on the effect of the inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense during the acclimatization stage in micropropagated sugarcane plantlets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Azospirillum brasilense has great potential as a growth promoter.
“Azospirillum brasilense has great potential as a growth promoter.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many soil and root-associated bacteria secrete hydrolases and Mg-dechelatases that attack chlorophyll.
“Many soil and root-associated bacteria secrete hydrolases and Mg-dechelatases that attack chlorophyll.”
The paper relies on this without support.
β-carotene is a photoprotective compound derived from carotenoids.
“β-carotene is a photoprotective compound derived from carotenoids.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Calcium is described as unaffected despite a significant P-value
MajorThe results state that treatment had no effect on Ca content, but Table 1 reports P = 0.025 for Ca, below the paper's stated 0.05 significance threshold.
“However, treatment had no effect on K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn content (Table 1).”
“| Ca | 7510.0 ± 60 a 7020.0 ± 50 a 7236.6 ± 82 a 5077.0 ± 35 a 5020.0 ± 50 a 4.440 | 0.025 |”
All inoculated treatments are described as outperforming the control
MinorThe unqualified claim that treated plantlets had significantly higher values than the control conflicts with the reported 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml treatment, which had the lowest plantlet length, leaf count, root count, root length, dry matter and chlorophyll values.
“Sugarcane plantlets treated with A. brasilense had significantly higher values of plantlet length, number of leaves per plantlet, root length, number of roots per plantlet, total chlorophyll, β-carotene content, and dry matter compared to the control (Fig. 3).”
“In this study, the highest dose of A. brasilense (2 × 10 6 CFU/ml) did not improve plant development, negatively affecting survival, plantlet length, number of leaves, number of roots, root length, dry matter, and total chlorophyll and β-carotene content.”
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Khaing, T. M., & Ko, T. (2026) · European journal of ecology, biology and agriculture. · doi:10.59324/ejeba.2026.3(1).11
Serrano-Fuentes, M. K., Mancilla-Álvarez, E., Gómez‐Merino, F. C., et al. (2026) · Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology · doi:10.1007/s44473-026-00204-7
Self-citationSilvestre, D. A., Santos, L. A., & Reis, V. M. (2026) · Journal of Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/01904167.2026.2720687
- Authors
- Mancilla-Álvarez, E., López-Buenfil, J. A., Serrano-Fuentes, M. K., Reyes-Castillo, A., Sánchez-Páez, R., & Bello-Bello, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Córdoba (MX)
- Colegio de Postgraduados (MX)
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (MX)
- Venue
- Discover Plants
- Published
- 2025-09-25
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 3005-1207 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4414513632
- Semantic Scholar
- 28edbef5f82dbe2cbd67ed09faec750287d9358c
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Discover Plants. (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Sugarcane Cultivation and Processing
- Keywords
- Azospirillum brasilense, sugarcane, Saccharum, rhizosphere bacteria, plant growth-promoting bacteria, micropropagation, acclimatization, ex vitro acclimatization, plantlet survival, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content, dose-dependent effects, seedling establishment
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.
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