The DOI matches its Crossref record; 270 of the 270 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Genetic determinants of aggression and impulsivity in humans
Abstract
Human aggression/impulsivity-related traits have a complex background that is greatly influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors. The relationship between aggression and anxiety is regulated by highly conserved brain regions including amygdala, which controls neural circuits triggering defensive, aggressive, or avoidant behavioral models. The dysfunction of neural circuits responsible for emotional control was shown to represent an etiological factor of violent behavior. In addition to the amygdala, these circuits also involve the anterior cingulated cortex and regions of the prefrontal cortex. Excessive reactivity in the amygdala coupled with inadequate prefrontal regulation serves to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior. Developmental alterations in prefrontal-subcortical circuitry as well as neuromodulatory and hormonal abnormality appear to play a role. Imbalance in testosterone/serotonin and testosterone/cortisol ratios (e.g., increased testosterone levels and reduced cortisol levels) increases the propensity toward aggression because of reduced activation of the neural circuitry of impulse control and self-regulation. Serotonin facilitates prefrontal inhibition, and thus insufficient serotonergic activity can enhance aggression. Genetic predisposition to aggression appears to be deeply affected by the polymorphic genetic variants of the serotoninergic system that influences serotonin levels in the central and peripheral nervous system, biological effects of this hormone, and rate of serotonin production, synaptic release and degradation. Among these variants, functional polymorphisms in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) may be of particular importance due to the relationship between these polymorphic variants and anatomical changes in the limbic system of aggressive people. Furthermore, functional variants of MAOA and 5-HTT are capable of mediating the influence of environmental factors on aggression-related traits. In this review, we consider genetic determinants of human aggression, with special emphasis on genes involved in serotonin and dopamine metabolism and function.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Variations in OXT-related genes like OXTR, as well as DA-related genes, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been linked to social-emotional dysregulation, including aspects of social cognition, empathy, and aggression (Grinevich et al., 2016; Pav lov et al., 2012).”
From Convergence of oxytocin and dopamine signalling in neuronal circuits: Insights into the neurobiology of social interactions across species (2024) · cites this paper as Pavlov et al., 2012
Citations
Cites
Lesch, K.-P., Bengel, D., Heils, A., Sabol, S. Z., Greenberg, B. D., Petri, S., Benjamin, J., Müller, C. R., Hamer, D. H., & Murphy, D. L. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5292.1527 · Cited by 5,162
Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072290 · Cited by 4,842
Dopamine receptors: from structure to function
MISSALE, C., NASH, S. R., ROBINSON, S. W., JABER, M., & CARON, M. G. (1998) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.189 · Cited by 3,633
International Union of Pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin).
Hoyer, D., Clarke, D. E., Fozard, J. R., Hartig, P. R., Martin, G. R., Mylecharane, E. J., Saxena, P. R., & Humphrey, P. P. A. (1994) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)06783-3 · Cited by 3,025
Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
Spada, A. L., Wilson, E. M., Lubahn, D. B., Harding, A., & Fischbeck, K. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/352077a0 · Cited by 2,801
Nilsson, S. V., Mäkelä, S., Treuter, E., Tujague, M., Thomsen, J. S., Andersson, G., Enmark, E., Pettersson, K., Warner, M. N., & Gustafsson, J.-Α. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1535 · Cited by 2,025
Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation–a possible prelude to violence
Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M., & Larson, C. L. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5479.591 · Cited by 1,894
Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A
Brunner, H. G., Nelen, M., Breakefield, X. O., Ropers, H. H., & van Oost, B. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8211186 · Cited by 1,644
Synthesis of Serotonin by a Second Tryptophan Hydroxylase Isoform
Walther, D. J., Peter, J., Bashammakh, S., Hörtnagl, H., Voits, M., Fink, H., & Bäder, M. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1078197 · Cited by 1,576
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490057 · Cited by 1,418
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Winqvist R, Lundstrom K, Salminen M, Laatikainen M, Ulmanen I (1991) Mapping of human catechol-O- methyltransferase gene to 22q11.2 and detection of a frequent RFLP with BglI. Cytogenet Cell Genet 58:2051
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–183 of 183
Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Gao, Y., Lo, Y., & Mok, M. Y. (2015) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203315593817 · Cited by 9
Chen, C., Liu, C., Chen, C., Moyzis, R., Chen, W., & Dong, Q. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.005 · Cited by 7
Epigenome-Wide Association Study of CpG Methylation in Aggressive Behavior
Borinskaya, S. A., Rubanovich, A. V., Larin, A. K., Kazantseva, A. V., Davydova, Y. D., Generozov, E. V., Хуснутдинова, Э. К., & Yankovsky, N. K. (2021) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795421120048 · Cited by 7
Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorders with Substance Use Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders
Zaorska, J., & Wojnar, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32483-3_17 · Cited by 7
Zhao, J., Gao, S., Guo, Y., Xu, Q., Liu, M., Zhang, C., Cheng, M., Zhao, X., Schinckel, A. P., & Zhou, B. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11010135 · Cited by 7
The association of 22 Y chromosome short tandem repeat loci with initiative–aggressive behavior
Yang, C., Ba, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, S., Zhao, H., Yu, H., Gao, Z., & Wang, B. (2018) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.039 · Cited by 7
Beşirli, A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.021 · Cited by 8
Interaction between serotonin and dopamine and impulsivity: A gene × gene - interaction approach
Hennig, J., Netter, P., & Munk, A. J. L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110014 · Cited by 8
Wojciechowski, T. W. (2022) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287221134488 · Cited by 6
Haidar-El-Atrache, S., Wolf, M., Fabie, N. A. V., & Sahai, S. (2018) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20180918-02 · Cited by 6
Валерьевна, В. Е., Kashevarov, G. S., Касимова, Р. Р., Ahmetov, I. I., & Kravtsova, O. A. (2020) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-020-00924-z · Cited by 6
Increased ghrelin and decreased leptin levels in patients with antisocial personality disorder
Taşçı, G., Kaya, Ş., Kalaycı, M. Z., & Atmaca, M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.048 · Cited by 6
Gramegna, C., Franca, M., & Bolognini, N. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01289-x · Cited by 5
Guo, Y., Zhao, J., Xu, Q., Gao, S., Liu, M., Zhang, C., Schinckel, A. P., & Zhou, B. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skac131 · Cited by 5
Li, J., Hu, M., Cao, J., Yang, Y., & Jin, Y. (2014) · Abstract and Applied Analysis · doi:10.1155/2014/706720 · Cited by 5
Genetic and Epigenetic Determinants of Aggression
Klausz, B., Haller, J., Tulogdi, Á., & Zelena, D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3345-3_9 · Cited by 6
Vaht, M. (2021) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2021.1896470 · Cited by 5
Hwang, R.-J., Hsu, H., Ni, L., Chen, H.-J., Lee, Y.-S., & Chuang, Y.-O. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01729-7 · Cited by 5
Thangaleela, S., Varman, D. R., Sivasangari, K., & Rajan, K. E. (2020) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108873 · Cited by 4
Forms and Functions of Aggression
Yusoufzai, M. K., & Lobbestael, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80882-2_19 · Cited by 4
del Puerto‐Golzarri, N., Azurmendi, A., Muñoz, J. M., Carreras, M. R., & Pascual‐Sagastizábal, E. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13111513 · Cited by 4
Recław, R., Chmielowiec, K., Suchanecka, A., Boroń, A., Chmielowiec, J., Strońska-Pluta, A., Kowalski, M. T., Masiak, J., Trybek, G., & Grzywacz, A. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15030299 · Cited by 4
Su, C., Zhang, L., Pan, Y., Jiao, J., Luo, P., Chang, X., Zhang, H., Si, X., Chen, W., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.104055 · Cited by 4
Sklirou, S., & Papakonstantinou, A. A. (2022) · European Journal of Education and Pedagogy · doi:10.24018/ejedu.2022.3.6.482 · Cited by 4
Behavioral genetics and criminal responsibility at the courtroom
Tatarelli, R., CASALE, A. D., Tatarelli, C., Serata, D., Rapinesi, C., Sani, G., Kotzalidis, G. D., & Girardi, P. (2014) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.01.011 · Cited by 4
Aluja, A., Balada, F., Garcı́a, Ó., Aymamí, N., & Garcı́a, L. F. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14060569 · Cited by 3
How can (or could) biology inform more effective parenting interventions for childhood aggression?
Perkins, E. R., Mossin, I., Goldstein, N. E. S., Jaffee, S. R., NeMoyer, A., Hernandez‐Pena, L., Wallace, A. A., Saven, H. Q., Perlstein, S., Gardner, F. E. M., et al. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101985 · Cited by 3
Ke, M., Xie, Q., Huang, Y., Li, X., Liu, X., Liu, Z., Bi, T., & Kou, H. (2024) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2024.2394817 · Cited by 4
Dopamine modulation of aggression
Dai, B., & Lin, D. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06893-w · Cited by 2
The Biosocial Bases of Aggressivity and Aggressive Behavior
Львович, М. А. (2018) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-018-0558-8 · Cited by 3
Gareeva, A. E., Бадретдинов, У. Г., Akhmetova, E. A., Kinyasheva, K. O., Насибуллин, Т. Р., Искандаровна, С. Л., Тимербулатов, И. Ф., Тимербулатова, М. Ф., & Asadullin, A. R. (2020) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202012010169 · Cited by 3
Big Data, Behavioral Genetics and Risk of Future Offending
Alimardani, A., McCay, A., & Lean, C. H. (2023) · Law Technology and Humans · doi:10.5204/lthj.2967 · Cited by 3
Polypharmacy in Psychiatry Practice, Volume II
Ritsner, M. S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5799-8 · Cited by 3
Gutleb, D. R., Ostner, J., Schülke, O., Wajjwalku, W., Sukmak, M., Roos, C., & Noll, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34223-y · Cited by 3
Analysis of Aggressive Behavior in Young Russian Males Using 250 SNP Markers
Lazebny, O. E., Куликов, А. М., Butovskaya, P. R., Proshakov, P. A., Fokin, A. V., & Butovskaya, M. (2020) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795420080098 · Cited by 3
Mullola, S., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., Elovainio, M. J., Hakulinen, C. A., Schneper, L. M., & Notterman, D. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.026 · Cited by 3
Klimova, N. V., Чадаева, И. В., Shichevich, S. G., & Kozhemyakina, R. V. (2021) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj21.50-o · Cited by 4
Haller, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1268-7_2 · Cited by 3
Méditation et prévention des risques psychosociaux chez les personnels hospitaliers en santé mentale
Marotte, C. (2020) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2020.06.013 · Cited by 4
Neurobiology of Aggression: Neuroimaging Findings
Soyka, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40384-2_29 · Cited by 2
Impulsivity in anxiety disorders
Carlo, A. D., Benvenuti, M., Dima, F., Cesari, D., Rizzato, S., Casalini, F., Dell’Osso, L., & Perugi, G. (2012) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.yic.0000423334.62343.80 · Cited by 2
Societal Acceptance of Crime 8 Rape: Blaming Victims and Excusing the Behavior of the Offender
Johnson, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation · doi:10.19080/jfsci.2017.01.555564 · Cited by 2
Hong, J. S., Hsieh, Y., Burlaka, V., Ortega, R. M., Espelage, D. L., & Piñeros-Leaño, M. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-020-00736-7 · Cited by 2
Supervivencia vial: agresividad
Argandar, G. D. (2022) · Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos eBooks · doi:10.30973/2022/manual-supervivencia-vial · Cited by 2
Siyasi çatışmaların çözümünde şiddetsiz iletişim modelinin olanak ve kısıtlılıkları
Selçuk, F. Ü. (2017) · Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi · doi:10.1501/sbfder_0000002439 · Cited by 1
Bakharev, D. V. (2023) · Юридические исследования · doi:10.25136/2409-7136.2023.7.43578 · Cited by 1
Бахарев, Д. (2024) · Law Journal of the Higher School of Economics · doi:10.17323/2072-8166.2024.1.163.189 · Cited by 1
Javelle, F., Ringleb, M., Schenk, A., Pulverer, W., & Bloch, W. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06183-z · Cited by 1
Sporcularda Saldırganlık ve Dürtüsellik Arasındaki İlişkinin Nöropsikolojik Açıdan İncelenmesi
Bedir, F. (2023) · Sportive · doi:10.53025/sportive.1334128 · Cited by 1
Chassy, P., Cole, J. C., & Brennan, C. (2024) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.13527 · Cited by 1
Interrelationship Differences between Personality Traits in Men and Women
Попова, Л. Д., Vasylyeva, I. M., & Наконечна, О. А. (2019) · Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu · doi:10.26693/jmbs04.06.344 · Cited by 1
Graw, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60909-5_15 · Cited by 1
Graw, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44817-5_15
Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward
Oscar‐Berman, M., Blum, K., & Gold, M. S. (2012)
The effect of emotional and genetic factors on nutritional status in a school-based population
Llopis, E. (2015) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
McFarlin, K. M. (2016) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
Batinić, B., Duišin, D., & Vukosavljevic-Gvozden, T. (2017) · Engrami · doi:10.5937/engrami1701017b
Aggression and Impulsitivity: Two of a kind ?
Tonnaer (2018) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20181220ft
Persistent Post-Concussive Psychiatric Problems
Victoroff, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139696432.012
Integrating behavior, hormones and genes associated with the primate HPA-axis
Gutleb, D. R. (2019) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-7382
Sciberas, C. (2019) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Samperi, F., Santurro, A., Agostini, S., Sanzo, M. D., Mariani, A., & Arcangeli, M. (2017) · Minerva Forensic Medicine · doi:10.23736/s0026-4849.16.01758-2
The Neuroanatomy of Human Aggression
BESSER, M. (2021) · International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) · doi:10.15640/ijhs.v9n1a7
Neurobiologische Erkenntnisse: mögliche Relevanz für die strafrechtliche Begutachtung
Dreßing, H. R., & Dreßing, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21273-4.00004-5
Logoz, F., Eggenberger, L., Komlenac, N., Schneeberger, M., Ehlert, U., & Walther, A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6jtaf
An Evolutionary Game Theory Model of the Decision to Confront
Chassy, P., Cole, J. C., & Brennan, C. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21441-7_12
Attitude change towards aggressive behaviors in adolescents
Zhou, Y. (2023) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ehss.v8i.4374
Kulkarni, S. S., Shilpa Sam, S., Rao, K. M., & Devaraju, A. (2022) · International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences · doi:10.55691/2278-344x.1038
Anabiso, C. K. C., Ratunil, A. F. E. R., & Sarno, J. M. D. (2023) · International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0053.9016
Garcia, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_394-1 · Cited by 1
Quiroz‐Padilla, M. F., Garcia-Martin, M., Rodríguez, N. G., Sarmiento-Cabrera, G. L., Carvajal-Rodríguez, D., & Nicolini, H. (2024) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.14349/rlp.2024.v56.14 · Cited by 2
Pharmacological Approaches for Managing Inpatient Aggression
Mistler, L. A., Baker, J. A., & Mihai, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61224-4_16
Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Genetik
İşgören, Y. D. (2025) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub706.c3010
Neuroimmune Disturbances in Animal Models of Aggressive Behavior
Лазаревна, А. Е., Zhanaeva, S. Y., & Idova, G. V. (2025) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712425700370
Alizadeh, Z., Shams, F., Feyzi, V., Alboghobeish, A., & Pouyakian, M. (2025) · Human Gene · doi:10.1016/j.humgen.2025.201511
Palumbo, S., Grassi, G., Mariotti, V., & Pellegrini, S. (2025) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2025.102096
Ehrenhofer‐Murray, A. E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70328-1_15
Computational reconstruction of evolutionary selection in human brain networks
Piszczek, Ł., Fazzari, C., Ulonska, S., Bühler, K., & Haubensak, W. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2025.1623174
Augustinus, F., Hendrikse, S. C. F., & Jan Treur, A. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17029-3_12
Neurobiological Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Aggression: The Role of Serotonin and Dopamine
Ippolitov, A. D., Павлова, О. В., Peregud, D., Гадисов, Т. Г., Павлов, К. А., & Шпорт, С. В. (2026) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712426700169
Bored to battle: The relationship between boredom and aggression
Li, H. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113956
Association of monoamine system parameters with violent criminal behavior
Peregud, D., Гадисов, Т. Г., Pavlova, O., Nebogina, K., & Ka, P. (2026) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2026.2704106
Metadata
- Authors
- Pavlov, K. A., Chistiakov, D. A., & Chekhonin, V. P.
- Affiliations
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Chistiakov, Dimitry A.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Genetics
- Published
- 2011-10-13
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 61-82
- ISSN
- 1234-1983 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-3883
- OpenAlex
- W2055506273
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 270
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- aggression, impulsivity, genetic susceptibility, serotonin, dopamine, monoamine oxidase A, serotonin transporter, 5-HTT polymorphism, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, testosterone, cortisol, limbic system, violent behavior, gene-environment interaction, emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Dopamine, Genetic Markers, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Monoamine Oxidase, Receptors, Estrogen, Serotonin, Sex Factors, Stress, Physiological, Testosterone, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Membrane Transport Proteins, Genetic Determinism, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review