Promoting equity in retreat through voluntary property buyout programs
Open accessAbstract
Voluntary property buyouts have been the most prevalent form of managed retreat in the USA to date. Tens of thousands of households have sold their flood-prone homes to the government, and after the structures are demolished, the land becomes open space. Concerns have been raised about the equity of buyout processes and outcomes, spanning distributive, procedural, and interactional dimensions of social justice. In this policy analysis, we first provide an overview of equity and justice issues in buyouts based on existing literature. We consider multiple relevant stakeholder groups: the communities in which buyouts occur, potential participants and relocating households, residents who choose to stay, and the destination communities. Second, we present policy options that may address and reduce existing social inequities in buyouts. Third, we outline how improved reporting on buyout programs by implementers can support buyout policy learning that will improve buyout outcomes and equity. Indicators can provide insight on who has access to buyouts, the effect of buyout implementation on outcomes, and the consequences of relocating—or not—for all affected. With increasing climate risks, voluntary property buyouts will remain an important means of reducing exposure to flooding and other hazards. For this method of retreat to occur effectively at greater scale, attention to social justice in program evaluation and policy learning is necessary.
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One study suggests that outmigration can concentrate low-income households in flood zones.
“One study suggests that outmigration can concentrate low-income households in flood zones.”
From NPCC4: Advancing climate justice in climate adaptation strategies for New York City (2024) · cites this paper as [156]
There are now a number of case studies documenting these dynamics in cities such as Miami, New Orleans, Seattle, and Philadelphia.
“There are now a number of case studies documenting these dynamics in cities such as Miami, 228,259 New Orleans, 227 Seattle, 156,261 and Philadelphia.251”
From NPCC4: Advancing climate justice in climate adaptation strategies for New York City (2024) · cites this paper as [156]
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- Authors
- Kraan, C. M., Hino, M., Niemann, J., Siders, A. R., & Mach, K. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kraan, Caroline M.
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences
- Published
- 2021-05-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 481-492
- ISSN
- 2190-6483 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-6491
- OpenAlex
- W3163759264
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 12.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Flood Risk Assessment and Management
- Keywords
- managed retreat, flood risk, social equity, social justice, distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice, relocation, program evaluation, policy learning, climate risk, open space
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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