The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Socioeconomics of obesity.
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to evaluate and emphasize important findings in the recent literature regarding the socioeconomics of obesity. It is important to evaluate trends of this global epidemic and elucidate its impact on different demographic groups and across socioeconomic strata. Recent findings Obesity rates continue to increase domestically and globally which is associated with a concomitant rise in medical and economic costs. There are disparities in obesity rates based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender and sexual identity, and socioeconomic status, yet these disparities are not explained fully by health behaviors, socioeconomic position, or cumulative stress alone-community and societal environmental factors have a significant role in the obesity epidemic. Socioeconomic factors contribute to obesity on an individual and community level, and any viable approach to sustainably addressing the obesity epidemic must take these factors into account.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Additional risks include insufficient sleep and low socioeconomic status, in part mediated by chronic stress and food insecurity, which are commonly experienced by racial and ethnic minority populations.22”
From Obesity Management in Adults: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Its development is the result of a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, socio-economic, and lifestyle factors, including diet and level of physical activity [2,3].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., Mullany, E. C., Biryukov, S., Abbafati, C., Abera, S. F., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60460-8 · Cited by 11,952
Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011-2012
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.732 · Cited by 8,072
Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years
Collaborators, T. G. 2. O. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1614362 · Cited by 7,918
Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.356 · Cited by 6,698
Lippa, N. C., & Sanderson, S. C. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353712 · Cited by 6,095
Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001
Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Dietz, W. H., Vinicor, F., Bales, V. S., & Marks, J. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.76 · Cited by 5,866
Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Heath, C. W. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199910073411501 · Cited by 3,643
The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636 · Cited by 3,323 · cited 2×
“Weight stigma has also been observed among nurses, medical students, psychologists, and dietitians [21].”
BackgroundGlobal burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030
Kelly, T., Yang, W., Chen, C.-S., Reynolds, K., & He, J. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.102 · Cited by 3,319
The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture
Hruby, A., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x · Cited by 3,207
(2020) · PubMed · Cited by 2,642
Years of Life Lost Due to Obesity
Fontaine, K. R., Redden, D. T., Wang, C., Westfall, A. O., & Allison, D. B. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.2.187 · Cited by 2,551
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Lawman, H. G., Fryar, C. D., Kruszon-Moran, D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.6361 · Cited by 2,178
Bias, Discrimination, and Obesity
Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.108 · Cited by 2,119
Projected U.S. State-Level Prevalence of Adult Obesity and Severe Obesity
Ward, Z. J., Bleich, S. N., Cradock, A. L., Barrett, J. L., Giles, C. M., Flax, C., Long, M. W., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1909301 · Cited by 2,009
Social and Economic Consequences of Overweight in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Gortmaker, S. L., Must, A., Perrin, J. M., Sobol, A. M., & Dietz, W. H. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291406 · Cited by 1,612
Obesity in Adulthood and Its Consequences for Life Expectancy: A Life-Table Analysis
Peeters, A., Barendregt, J. J., Willekens, F., Mackenbach, J. P., Mamun, A. A., & Bonneux, L. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00008 · Cited by 1,494
Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity
Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., Hellerstedt, W. L., Griffin, J. M., & van Ryn, M. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12266 · Cited by 1,361
Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review
Tremmel, M., Gerdtham, U., Nilsson, P., & Saha, S. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14040435 · Cited by 1,162
Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity
Rubino, F., Puhl, R. M., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, R. H., Ryan, D. H., Mechanick, J. I., Nadglowski, J., Ramos Salas, X., Schauer, P. R., Twenefour, D., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0803-x · Cited by 1,152 · cited 1×
“Indeed, as a consequence of external weight bias, those with obesity develop internalized weight bias which leads to both physical and mental health impairment [27, 28].”
BackgroundThe economic burden of obesity worldwide: a systematic review of the direct costs of obesity
Withrow, D., & Alter, D. A. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00712.x · Cited by 1,083
Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity
Morland, K., Diez Roux, A. V., & Wing, S. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.003 · Cited by 1,037
Puhl, R. M., Andreyeva, T., & Brownell, K. D. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.22 · Cited by 900
Abdullah, A., Peeters, A., de Courten, M., & Stoelwinder, J. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2010.04.012 · Cited by 824
Global Gender Disparities in Obesity: A Review
Kanter, R., & Caballero, B. H. (2012) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.112.002063 · Cited by 680
Hardin, A. P., Hackell, J. M., Simon, G. R., Boudreau, A. D. A., Baker, C. N., Barden, G. A., Meade, K. E., Moore, S. B., & Richerson, J. E. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2151 · Cited by 592
Kolotkin, R. L., & Andersen, J. R. (2017) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12203 · Cited by 590 · cited 2×
“because of the increased percentage of weight lost with surgical interventions compared with other interventions [72].”
BackgroundExploring Mediators of Food Insecurity and Obesity: A Review of Recent Literature
Franklin, B. E., Jones, A., Love, D., Puckett, S., Macklin, J., & White‐Means, S. I. (2011) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-011-9420-4 · Cited by 520
Beccuti, G., & Pannain, S. (2011) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3283479109 · Cited by 507
Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States, 2011-2012.
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 502
Race/Ethnic Issues in Obesity and Obesity-Related Comorbidities
Cossrow, N., & Falkner, B. E. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0339 · Cited by 474
Lifetime Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity
Thompson, D., Edelsberg, J., Colditz, G. A., Bird, A. P., & Oster, G. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.18.2177 · Cited by 456
The wage effects of obesity: a longitudinal study
Baum, C. L., & Ford, W. F. (2004) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.881 · Cited by 456
Trends in the Association between Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in U.S. Adults: 1971 to 2000
Zhang, Q., & Wang, Y. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.202 · Cited by 447
The economic impact of obesity in the United States
Hammond, R. A., & Levine (2010) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmsott.s7384 · Cited by 410
Obesity and socioeconomic status in adults: United States, 2005-2008.
Ogden, C. L., Lamb, M. M., Carroll, M. D., & Flegal, K. M. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 397
Social inequalities in obesity and overweight in 11 OECD countries
Devaux, M., & Sassi, F. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr058 · Cited by 395
The economic impact of obesity in the United States
Hammond, R. A., & Levine (2010) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s7384 · Cited by 348
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Obesity among US Adults in 12 States
Pan, L., Sherry, B., Njai, R. S., & Blanck, H. M. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.011 · Cited by 343
Gendered dimensions of obesity in childhood and adolescence
Sweeting, H. N. (2008) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-1 · Cited by 319
Productivity loss due to overweight and obesity: a systematic review of indirect costs
Goettler, A., Grosse, A., & Sonntag, D. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014632 · Cited by 299
Lost Productive Time Associated With Excess Weight in the U.S. Workforce
Ricci, J. A., & Chee, E. M. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000184871.20901.c3 · Cited by 212
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Exercise and Dietary Behaviors of Middle-Aged and Older Adults
August, K. J., & Sorkin, D. H. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1514-7 · Cited by 203
Mind the Gap: Race/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Obesity
Krueger, P. M., & Reither, E. N. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0666-6 · Cited by 198
Obesity Treatment for Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Patients in Primary Care Practice
Warner, E. T. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1 · Cited by 190
Jones‐Smith, J. C., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Siddiqi, A., & Popkin, B. M. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq428 · Cited by 180
A Longitudinal Study of Food Insecurity on Obesity in Preschool Children
Metallinos‐Katsaras, E. S., Must, A., & Gorman, K. S. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.031 · Cited by 177
The body politic: the relationship between stigma and obesity-associated disease
Muennig, P. A. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-128 · Cited by 173
Polednak, A. P. (2008) · Cancer Detection and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2008.08.004 · Cited by 164
Reducing the global prevalence of overweight and obesity
McPherson, K. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60767-4 · Cited by 126
Latner, J. D., Durso, L. E., & Mond, J. (2013) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/2050-2974-1-3 · Cited by 120
Neighborhood Health-Promoting Resources and Obesity Risk (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)
Auchincloss, A. H., Mujahid, M. S., Shen, M., Michos, E. D., Whitt‐Glover, M. C., & Roux, A. V. D. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20255 · Cited by 119
Cross-Sex Hormones and Metabolic Parameters in Adolescents With Gender Dysphoria
Jarin, J., Pine-Twaddell, E., Trotman, G., Stevens, J., Conard, L. A., Tefera, E., & Gomez-Lobo, V. (2017) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3173 · Cited by 119
Asay, G. R. B., Roy, K., Lang, J. E., Payne, R. L., & Howard, D. H. (2016) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd13.150503 · Cited by 117
Disparity in Physician Perception of Patients' Adherence to Medications by Obesity Status
Huizinga, M. M., Bleich, S. N., Beach, M. C., Clark, J. M., & Cooper, L. A. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.35 · Cited by 107
Impact of Obesity on Mortality and Complications in Trauma Patients
Glance, L. G., Li, Y., Osler, T., Mukamel, D., & Dick, A. (2014) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000000330 · Cited by 89
Osei‐Assibey, G., Kyrou, I., Adi, Y., Kumar, S., & Matyka, K. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00695.x · Cited by 81
Lahti‐Koski, M., & Gill, T. K. (2004) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000078278 · Cited by 75
Childhood Obesity and Cognitive Achievement
Black, N., Johnston, D. W., & Peeters, A. (2015) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3211 · Cited by 70
Boone‐Heinonen, J., Roux, A. V. D., Goff, D. C., Loria, C. M., Kiefe, C. I., Popkin, B. M., & Gordon‐Larsen, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085141 · Cited by 63
Obesity treatment in disadvantaged population groups: Where do we stand and what can we do?
Harvey, J. R., & Ogden, D. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.015 · Cited by 62
Overweight and Obesity among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States
Azagba, S., Shan, L., & Latham, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16101828 · Cited by 62
Cuevas, A. G., Chen, R., Slopen, N. B., Thurber, K. A., Wilson, N. L. W., Economos, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22648 · Cited by 59
The clinical and economic consequences of obesity.
Apovian, C. M. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 57
Lyn, R., Heath, E., & Dubhashi, J. (2019) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-019-00358-w · Cited by 50
Childhood Obesity, Obesity Treatment Outcome, and Achieved Education: A Prospective Cohort Study
Hagman, E., Danielsson, P., Brandt, L., Svensson, V., Ekbom, A., & Marcus, C. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.009 · Cited by 49
Independent Effects of Neighborhood Poverty and Psychosocial Stress on Obesity Over Time
Kwarteng, J. L., Schulz, A. J., Mentz, G. B., Israel, B. A., & Perkins, D. W. (2017) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-017-0193-7 · Cited by 49
Cohort Analysis Assessing Medical and Nonmedical Cost Associated With Obesity in the Workplace
Kleinman, N. L., Abouzaid, S., Andersen, L., Wang, Z., & Powers, A. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000099 · Cited by 47
Statistical Supplement to Household Food Security in the United States in 2021Preprint
Coleman‐Jensen, A., Rabbitt, M. P., Gregory, C., & Singh, A. P. (2022) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.327211 · Cited by 47
Clarke, P. J., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., & Johnston, L. D. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq156 · Cited by 46
Adolescent Health in the United States, 2007
MacKay, A. P., & Duran, C. R. (2008) · Cited by 44
The Economic Impact of Obesity on Automobile Fuel Consumption
Jacobson, S. H., & Albert, L. A. (2006) · The Engineering Economist · doi:10.1080/00137910600987586 · Cited by 42
Economic and environmental costs of obesity
Dannenberg, A. L., Burton, D. C., & Jackson, R. J. (2004) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.004 · Cited by 42
The Dynamic Effects of Obesity on the Wages of Young Workers
Pinkston, J. C. (2014) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2017.05.006 · Cited by 41
French, S. A., Wall, M. M., Corbeil, T., Sherwood, N. E., Berge, J. M., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22273 · Cited by 37
Overweight and obesity in sexual and gender minority adolescents: A systematic review
Grammer, A. C., Byrne, M. E., Pearlman, A. T., Klein, D. A., & Schvey, N. A. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12906 · Cited by 35
Measuring the potential for automobile fuel savings in the US: The impact of obesity
Jacobson, S. H., & King, D. M. (2008) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2008.07.003 · Cited by 32
Obesity and socioeconomic disadvantage in midlife female public sector employees: a cohort study
Hiilamo, A., Lallukka, T. M., Mänty, M., & Kouvonen, A. M. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4865-8 · Cited by 29
Ghosh, A., Charlton, K. E., & Batterham, M. J. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010405 · Cited by 26
Rummo, P. E., Feldman, J. M., LOPEZ, P. M., Lee, D. J., Thorpe, L. E., & Elbel, B. D. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22603 · Cited by 24
Economic and environmental costs of obesityThe impact on airlines
Dannenberg, A. L., Burton, D. C., & JACKSON, R. (2004) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(04)00134-5 · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA. 2003;289(2):187–93. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Obesity Management in Adults: A Review
Elmaleh-Sachs, A., Schwartz, J. L., Bramante, C. T., Nicklas, J. M., Gudzune, K. A., & Jay, M. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.19897 · Cited by 813
Lingvay, I., Cohen, R. V., Roux, C. W. L., & Sumithran, P. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01210-8 · Cited by 433
Bays, H. E., Kirkpatrick, C. F., Maki, K. C., Toth, P. P., Morgan, R. T., Tondt, J., Christensen, S. M., Dixon, D. L., & Jacobson, T. A. (2024) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2024.04.001 · Cited by 208
Disparities in Access and Quality of Obesity Care
Washington, T. B., Johnson, V. R., Kendrick, K., Ibrahim, A. A., Tu, L., Sun, K., & Stanford, F. C. (2023) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2023.02.003 · Cited by 141
Self-citationRecent advances in design and stability of double emulsions: Trends in Pickering stabilization
Tenorio‐Garcia, E., Araiza‐Calahorra, A., Simone, E., & Sarkar, A. (2022) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107601 · Cited by 96
Metadata
- Authors
- Anekwe, C. V., Jarrell, A. R., Townsend, M. J., Gaudier, G. I., Hiserodt, J. M., & Stanford, F. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anekwe, Chika Vera
- Venue
- Current Obesity Reports
- Published
- 2020-07-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 272-279
- ISSN
- 2162-4968 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7484407
- OpenAlex
- W3040190199
- Cited by
- 372
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Obesity Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (L30 DK118710, P30DK040561)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- obesity, socioeconomic status, health disparities, obesity epidemic, race and ethnicity, sex differences, gender identity, sexual identity, cumulative stress, health care costs, economic burden of obesity
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Risk Factors, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behavior, Health Status Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review