The DOI matches its Crossref record; 191 of the 192 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Science of Badminton: Game Characteristics, Anthropometry, Physiology, Visual Fitness and Biomechanics
Abstract
Badminton is a racket sport for two or four people, with a temporal structure characterized by actions of short duration and high intensity. This sport has five events: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles, each requiring specific preparation in terms of technique, control and physical fitness. Badminton is one of the most popular sports in the world, with 200 million adherents. The decision to include badminton in the 1992 Olympics Game increased participation in the game. This review focuses on the game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual attributes and biomechanics of badminton. Players are generally tall and lean, with an ectomesomorphic body type suited to the high physiological demands of a match. Indeed, a typical match characteristic is a rally time of 7 s and a resting time of 15 s, with an effective playing time of 31%. This sport is highly demanding, with an average heart rate (HR) of over 90% of the player's maximal HR. The intermittent actions during a game are demanding on both the aerobic and anaerobic systems: 60-70% on the aerobic system and approximately 30% on the anaerobic system, with greater demand on the alactic metabolism with respect to the lactic anaerobic metabolism. The shuttlecock has an atypical trajectory, and the players perform specific movements such as lunging and jumping, and powerful strokes using a specific pattern of movement. Lastly, badminton players are visually fit, picking up accurate visual information in a short time. Knowledge of badminton can help to improve coaching and badminton skills.
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“High-intensity sports, such as badminton, require advanced technical, tactical, physical, and psychological skills (Birrer & Morgan, 2010; Lees, 2003; Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2015).”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2015
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BackgroundAssessing Cognitive Performance in Badminton Players: A Reproducibility and Validity Study
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“Prior studies examining elite badminton game characteristics have focused on isolated match analysis [1,3,4] and did not account for time-related and technical variables, or the specific contextual variables (i.”
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“Much of the literature and research undertakings in badminton are based around physiological and bio-mechanical information (Phomsoupha and Laffaye 2015), and limited investigations have been carried out to examine evidence of the emotions, particularly as observed through player expressions such…”
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“This sport has 5 disciplines with singles and doubles (by sex and mixed) with different biomechanical demands and intensity.(1) There have been few studies to assess high-level badminton players’ injuries.”
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BackgroundAn exploratory investigation of patellofemoral joint loadings during directional lunges in badminton
Yu, L., Mei, Q., Mohamad, N. I., Gu, Y., & Fernandez, J. (2021) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104302 · Cited by 33
Doron, J., Rouault, Q., Jubeau, M., & Bernier, M. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101638 · Cited by 42
Statistical Differences in Set Analysis in Badminton at the RIO 2016 Olympic Games
Torres‐Luque, G., Fernández‐García, Á. I., Blanca-Torres, J. C., Kondrič, M., & Cabello‐Manrique, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00731 · Cited by 31
“They have focused on aspects related to the temporal structure, where efforts have considered individual badminton aspects, inter alia establishing: a match duration of 48–65 min (Abian-Vicen et al., 2013; Phomsoupha and Laffaye, 2015; Chiminazzo et al., 2018), point duration of around 9 s (Abian-Vicen et al.”
BackgroundInjuries in French and Chinese regular badminton players
Herbaut, A., Delannoy, J., & Foissac, M. (2018) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2018.02.001 · Cited by 30
A state-of-the-art review on badminton lunge attributes
Lee, J. J. J., & Loh, W. P. (2019) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.04.003 · Cited by 29
Deng, N., Soh, K. G., Abdullah, B., & Huang, D. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16638 · Cited by 29
“For example, to effectively return the shuttlecock across the entire badminton court, players must execute a wide range of movements, such as swift changes in direction, jumps, rapid arm actions, and lunges from different postural positions ( Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2015 ).”
BackgroundMovements with greater trunk accelerations and their properties during badminton games
Nagano, Y., Sasaki, S., Higashihara, A., & Ichikawa, H. (2018) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2018.1478989 · Cited by 28
Chen, T. L., Wang, Y. S., Wong, D. W., Lam, W., & Zhang, M. (2020) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2020.1749720 · Cited by 28
de la Fuente, F. P., García-Giménez, A., Toro-Román, V., Martínez, B. J. S.-Á., Ochiană, N., & Otín, C. C. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208633 · Cited by 27
“Approximately 80% of rallies last less than 10 s and competitive matches last 40 min to 1 h [27].”
BackgroundValldecabres, R., Richards, J., & Trigueros, A. D. B. (2020) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2020.1712469 · Cited by 28
“Footwork manoeuvres are therefore extremely important for badminton players and the consideration of how landing strategies change on the different limbs after fatigue may help us to understand injury mechanisms (Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2014).”
BackgroundPanda, M., Rizvi, M. R., Sharma, A., Sethi, P., Ahmad, I., & Kumari, S. (2022) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2022.08.002 · Cited by 27
Bisschoff, C. A., Coetzee, B., & Esco, M. R. (2018) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2018.1437868 · Cited by 29
“Accumulated neuromuscular fatigue will negatively affect players’ abilities to execute shots with optimal force and accuracy, and may also lead to less reactive court movements and poor tactical choices during matches (Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2015).”
BackgroundValenzuela, P. L., Sánchez-Martínez, G., Torrontegi, E., Vázquez-Carrión, J., González-Navarro, M., Montalvo, Z., & Millet, G. P. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0878 · Cited by 27
Zhao, X., & Gu, Y. (2019) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2019.04.007 · Cited by 26
He, Z., Liu, G., Zhang, B., Ye, B., & Zhu, H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61141-z · Cited by 25
“Badminton involves various movement patterns that contribute to varying degrees of fatigue across different muscle groups 53,54 .”
BackgroundImpaired Performance of the Smash Stroke in Badminton Induced by Muscle Fatigue
Mansec, Y. L., Perez, J., Rouault, Q., Doron, J., & Jubeau, M. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0697 · Cited by 25
Physiological Responses to Repeated Running Sprint Ability Tests: A Systematic Review
Charron, J., Garcia, J. E. V., Roy, P., Ferland, P.-M., & Comtois, A. S. (2020) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/nxqi1037 · Cited by 25
“This is similar to what the authors of the study had previously observed in another study during gameplay (64) but is different to what has been observed by other researchers, an average HR of 173.”
ResultThe Effect of Eight-Week Sprint Interval Training on Aerobic Performance of Elite Badminton Players
Liu, H., Leng, B., Li, Q., Liu, Y., Bao, D., & Cui, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020638 · Cited by 25
“Previous research [3,4] has shown that various physiological parameters had a strong correlation with badminton performance.”
BackgroundFong, D., Mok, K.-M., Thompson, I. M., Wang, Y.-H., Shan, W., & King, M. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.03.007 · Cited by 26
“Badminton is a popular global sport, with about 200 million players around the world.(30) A 20-year epidemiology study of racket sports in the United States between 1997 and 2016 suggested that the ankle was the most commonly injured body part in badminton.”
BackgroundTraining and injuries among world elite junior badminton players – Identifying the problems
Kaldau, N. C., Kerr, S., McCaig, S., & Hölmich, P. (2021) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Sports Medicine Arthroscopy Rehabilitation and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.asmart.2021.07.003 · Cited by 25
Fernández-Fernández, J., Loturco, I., Hernández‐Davó, J. L., Nakamura, F. Y., Tormo, J. V. G., Álvarez-Dacal, F., Martinez-Maseda, J., & García-López, J. (2022) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2022-0042 · Cited by 25
“, “time outs” of 120s between games) (Phomsoupha and Laffaye, 2015).”
Improving Special Ability Performance of Badminton Players through a Visual Reaction Training System
Kuo, K.-P., Liao, C.-C., & Kao, C.-C. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10081454 · Cited by 25
Abdullahi, Y., Coetzee, B., & van den Berg, L. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002115 · Cited by 24
“T he inclusion of badminton in the 1992 Olympic Games significantly boosted participation with approximately 200 million enthusiasts globally (34).”
BackgroundIdentification of games and sex-related activity profile in junior international badminton
Rojas‐Valverde, D., Gómez‐Carmona, C. D., Fernández-Fernández, J., García-López, J., Tormo, J. V. G., Cabello‐Manrique, D., & Pino‐Ortega, J. (2020) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2020.1745045 · Cited by 24
Zhao, K., Hohmann, A., Faber, I. R., Chang, Y. K., & Gao, B. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239155 · Cited by 24
“In both sports groups the high volume of sport-specific training should enhance the development of the aerobic endurance which in swimming is needed for sustaining swimming speed [35], and in table tennis and badminton for quick recovery (see [36, 37], as well as [38–40], resp).”
BackgroundSantos, A. M. D. S., Rossi, F. E., de Moura, H. P. D. S. N., de Sousa, A. V. M., Machado, D. D. C. D., Neves, L. M., Brito, A. S., Moura, P. V. D. S., Monteiro, P. A., Júnior, I. F. F., et al. (2021) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-021-00763-6 · Cited by 24
“The sport requires speed, agility, and effective decision-making, as well as anticipating opponents’ movements, quick changes in direction, jumps, and frequent stop-and-go actions that demand power and muscular endurance [30, 31].”
BackgroundRampichini, S., Limonta, E., Pugliese, L., Cè, E., Bisconti, A. V., Gianfelici, A., Torre, A. L., & Esposito, F. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3960-6 · Cited by 24
Activity profile and physiological demand of padel match play
Mellado-Arbelo, Ó., & Baiget, E. (2022) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.54.1.6 · Cited by 23
“Significant differences concerning MD were found in international players, where female players set longer total and effective match times as a conse - quence of a higher use of lobs during the match that slowed down the game and number of SR (Garcia-Benitez, et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialNutritional Ergogenic Aids in Racquet Sports: A Systematic Review
Vicente-Salar, N., Santos‐Sánchez, G., & Roche, E. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092842 · Cited by 28
Systematic review on badminton injuries: incidence, characteristics and risk factors
Stepper, B., Hecksteden, A., Stagge, H., Faude, O., & Donath, L. (2025) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002127 · Cited by 32
Gao, L., Lu, Z., Liang, M., Baker, J. S., & Gu, Y. (2022) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering9070272 · Cited by 22
“Experienced fitness enthusiasts demonstrate greater muscular strength and better joint coordination, producing higher power and utilizing muscle force generation through joint coordination [25].”
BackgroundGuermont, H., Mittelheisser, G., Reboursière, E., Gauthier, A., & Drigny, J. (2023) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.04.002 · Cited by 22
Dieu, O., Schnitzler, C., Llena, C., & Potdevin, F. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1764812 · Cited by 22
Robertson, K., Laureys, F., Mostaert, M., Pion, J., Deconinck, F., & Lenoir, M. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2021.101603 · Cited by 24
“The intermittent actions of badminton employ the use of the aerobic and anaerobic systems, with 60–70% belonging to the aerobic system [4].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhou, L., Gong, W., Wang, S., Guo, Z., Liu, M., Chuang, S., Bao, D., & Zhou, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.947877 · Cited by 21
“Badminton is considered as one of the fastest racket sports (Phomsoupha and Laffaye, 2015; Abdullahi and Coetzee, 2017; Gómez et al., 2021), requiring frequent quick starts, stops, lunges, and changes of direction (Shariff et al.”
BackgroundBetter position for the wearable sensor to monitor badminton sport training loads
Liu, T., Chen, W.-H., Shih, Y., Lin, Y., Yu, C., & Shiang, T.-Y. (2021) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1875033 · Cited by 20
“Badminton is one of the most popular racket sports (Kwan et al., 2010); its training proportion between the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic energy systems is 7:3 (Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2015).”
BackgroundEffects of Acute Physical Fatigue on Gaze Behavior and Performance During a Badminton Game
Taupin, M. L., Ruffault, A., SLAWINSKI, J. S., Delabarre, L., & Bayle, D. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.725625 · Cited by 26
“Maximal theoretical heart rate was calculated using the formula by Milazzo We determined nine areas of interest (AOIs), based on the study by Phomsoupha and Laffaye (2015): shuttlecock, opponent’s racket, opponent’s upper body, opponent’s lower body, boundary lines (court limits), anticipation area…”
Moreno-Pérez, V., Gallo–Salazar, C., Coso, J. D., Ruiz‐Pérez, I., López‐Valenciano, A., Barbado, D., Cabello‐Manrique, D., & Fernández-Fernández, J. (2020) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2020.94243 · Cited by 20
“The maintenance of lower limb muscle strength is the key to pro - ducing explosive actions during competitive badminton [39].”
BackgroundGómez, M., Cid, A., Rivas, F., Barreira, J., Chiminazzo, J. G. C., & Prieto, J. (2021) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111295 · Cited by 20
Tai, C.-C., Chen, Y., Kalfiřt, L., Masodsai, K., Su, C., & Yang, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063206 · Cited by 27
Liu, X., Imai, K., Zhou, X., & Watanabe, E. (2022) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671221097438 · Cited by 19
Cui, X., Lam, W., Gao, Q., Wang, X., & Zhao, T. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11101401 · Cited by 19
“Badminton is one of the most popular sports in the world, and there are over 200 million participants playing at recreational and elite levels [1].”
BackgroundReview of the Badminton Lunge and Specific Training Considerations
Maloney, S. J. (2018) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000378 · Cited by 18
“ENDURANCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE LUNGE Although an average work-to-rest ratio of 7 seconds:15 seconds may be anticipated during match play (46), it is important that players’ lunging patterns are robust to the development of fatigue.”
BackgroundInfluentialNielsen, M., Lund, J. N., Lam, W., & Kersting, U. G. (2018) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2018.1501086 · Cited by 18
Yu, L., & Mohamad, N. I. (2022) · Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.5334/paah.207 · Cited by 18
Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance
Huang, P., Fu, L., Zhang, Y., Fekete, G., Ren, F., & Gu, Y. (2019) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/58842 · Cited by 18
Serving Patterns of Women’s Badminton Medalists in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games
Gómez, M., Cid, A., Rivas, F., & Ruiz, L.-M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00136 · Cited by 18
Activity profiles and physiological responses during match play in four popular racquet sports
Edel, A., Song, Y., Wiewelhove, T., & Ferrauti, A. (2019) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-019-00610-4 · Cited by 17
Iizuka, T., Hirano, K., Atomi, T., Shimizu, M., & Atomi, Y. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8020019 · Cited by 17
“We considered that it was suitable to investigate the changes in characteristics of world’s top-level badminton matches by comparing the first edition (held in 2007, soon after the current scoring system was implemented in 2006) and the last edition (held in 2017) of the Super Series tournaments, which was widely rega…”
MethodМолаихалетабади, М., Bagheri, R., Hemmatinafar, M., Nemati, J., Wong, A., Nordvall, M., Namazifard, M., & Suzuki, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063677 · Cited by 17
“Badminton is a high-intensity racket sport that imposes considerable metabolic and mechanical loads on bodily systems [1,2].”
BackgroundEdel, A., Weis, J.-L., Ferrauti, A., & Wiewelhove, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1189688 · Cited by 17
“Badminton match play is characterised by a highly intermittent structure, where short bouts of high-intensity work (about 7 s) alternate with rest periods approximately twice as long (about 15 s) over an extended period of time (between 17 min and 1 h) (Phomsoupha and Laffaye, 2015; Edel et al., 2019).”
BackgroundRasyid, M. L. S. A., Wiriawan, O., Siantoro, G., Kusuma, D. A., & Rusdiawan, A. (2023) · Jurnal SPORTIF Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran · doi:10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i2.20468 · Cited by 17
Yu, L., Wang, Y., Fernandez, J., Mei, Q., Zhao, J., Yang, F., & Gu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2257513 · Cited by 17
“Due to the characteristics of high-intensity and intermittent motions as the fastest racquet sport (Alder et al., 2019; Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2015), badminton playing populations showed significant benefits of improved overall health quality, a reduced ratio of all-cause and cardiovascular-disease…”
BackgroundUsing network science to unveil badminton performance patterns
Gómez, M., Rivas, F., Leicht, A. S., & Buldú, J. M. (2020) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109834 · Cited by 17
Weiler, R., Murray, A. D., & Joy, E. (2013) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e31829a74ea · Cited by 17
Research on Badminton Teaching Technology Based on Human Pose Estimation Algorithm
Xipeng, Z., Zhao, P., & Cao, Y. (2022) · Scientific Programming · doi:10.1155/2022/4664388 · Cited by 16
“Although this analysis method of badminton players’ performance patterns is able to present scoring details in complex matches, spatial and opponent-related movement details are not analyzed in an integrated manner [23, 24].”
MethodTong, J., Lu, Z., Cen, X., Chen, C., Ugbolue, U. C., & Gu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1013100 · Cited by 16
“In badminton singles, players frequently lunge forward to hit the shuttlecock, accounting for approximately 37% of all movements (Hu et al., 2015; Phomsoupha and Laffaye, 2015).”
BackgroundBiomechanical Effects of the Badminton Split-Step on Forecourt Lunging Footwork
Wang, Y., Xu, L., Jiang, H., Yu, L., Wu, H., & Mei, Q. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11050501 · Cited by 17
“Badminton, as a widely popular sport globally, attracts numerous enthusiasts and professional athletes due to its fast-paced, agile, and highly skilled nature [1–3].”
BackgroundAnalisis Teknik Dasar Pukulan Dalam Permainan Bulutangkis
Subarkah, A., & Marani, I. N. (2020) · Jurnal Menssana · doi:10.24036/menssana.050220.02 · Cited by 16
Ko, D. H., Choi, Y.-C., & Lee, D. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8060458 · Cited by 16
“In particular, repetitive jumps, continuous rallying, and the agility necessary for changes in movement direction are required in order to traverse large areas of the court very quickly [4].”
BackgroundFu, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, X., Li, Y., Li, B., Wang, X., Shu, Y., & Shang, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.640199 · Cited by 16
The Use of Contextual Information for Anticipation of Badminton Shots in Different Expertise Levels
Waelle, S. D., Robertson, K., Deconinck, F. J. A., & Lenoir, M. (2022) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2021.1934378 · Cited by 15
“With an average shuttle velocity reaching up to 70 m/s (Jaitner & Gawin, 2010; Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2014, 2015; Tsai et al., 1998), players are required to make split-second decisions to be able to return the shuttle.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Phomsoupha, M., & Laffaye, G.
- Affiliations
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Phomsoupha, Michael
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2014-12-31
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 473-495
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- OpenAlex
- W2011609014
- Cited by
- 539
- References
- 192
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Badminton World Federation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- badminton, game features, anthropometry, physiological demands, biomechanics, heart rate, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, match structure
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Biomechanical Phenomena, Competitive Behavior, Energy Metabolism, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Reaction Time, Sweating, Visual Perception, Racquet Sports, Lactic Acid, Muscle Strength
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