The ‘critical power’ concept: Applications to sports performance with a focus on intermittent high-intensity exercise
Open accessAbstract
The curvilinear relationship between power output and the time for which it can be sustained is a fundamental and well-known feature of high-intensity exercise performance. This relationship 'levels off' at a 'critical power' (CP) that separates power outputs that can be sustained with stable values of, for example, muscle phosphocreatine, blood lactate, and pulmonary oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), from power outputs where these variables change continuously with time until their respective minimum and maximum values are reached and exercise intolerance occurs. The amount of work that can be done during exercise above CP (the so-called W') is constant but may be utilized at different rates depending on the proximity of the exercise power output to CP. Traditionally, this two-parameter CP model has been employed to provide insights into physiological responses, fatigue mechanisms, and performance capacity during continuous constant power output exercise in discrete exercise intensity domains. However, many team sports (e.g., basketball, football, hockey, rugby) involve frequent changes in exercise intensity and, even in endurance sports (e.g., cycling, running), intensity may vary considerably with environmental/course conditions and pacing strategy. In recent years, the appeal of the CP concept has been broadened through its application to intermittent high-intensity exercise. With the assumptions that W' is utilized during work intervals above CP and reconstituted during recovery intervals below CP, it can be shown that performance during intermittent exercise is related to four factors: the intensity and duration of the work intervals and the intensity and duration of the recovery intervals. However, while the utilization of W' may be assumed to be linear, studies indicate that the reconstitution of W' may be curvilinear with kinetics that are highly variable between individuals. This has led to the development of a new CP model for intermittent exercise in which the balance of W' remaining ([Formula: see text]) may be calculated with greater accuracy. Field trials of athletes performing stochastic exercise indicate that this [Formula: see text] model can accurately predict the time at which W' tends to zero and exhaustion is imminent. The [Formula: see text] model potentially has important applications in the real-time monitoring of athlete fatigue progression in endurance and team sports, which may inform tactics and influence pacing strategy.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Elite athletes sustain about 96% of critical speed during the marathon.
“Elite athletes sustain ∼96% of CS during the marathon (Jones & Vanhatalo, 2017)”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Jones & Vanhatalo, 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
THE WORK CAPACITY OF A SYNERGIC MUSCULAR GROUP
MONOD, H., & Scherrer, J. (1965) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140136508930810 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Metabolic and respiratory profile of the upper limit for prolonged exercise in man
Poole, D. C., Ward, S. A., Gardner, G. W., & Whipp, B. J. (1988) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138808966766 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Critical power as a measure of physical work capacity and anaerobic threshold
MORITANI, T., Nagata, A., DEVRIES, H. A., & Muro, M. (1981) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138108924856 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Critical Power: Implications for Determination of V˙O2max and Exercise Tolerance
JONES, A. M., Vanhatalo, A., Burnley, M., Morton, R. H., & Poole, D. C. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181d9cf7f · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Self-citationMuscle metabolic responses to exercise above and below the “critical power” assessed using 31 P-MRS
JONES, A. M., Wilkerson, D. P., DiMenna, F. J., Fulford, J., & Poole, D. C. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00731.2007 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citationOxygen uptake kinetics as a determinant of sports performance
Burnley, M., & JONES, A. M. (2007) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390701456148 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermination of Critical Power Using a 3-min All-out Cycling Test
Vanhatalo, A., Doust, J. H., & Burnley, M. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802dd3e6 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Slow Component of V˙O2 Kinetics: Mechanistic Bases and Practical Applications
JONES, A. M., GRASSI, B., CHRISTENSEN, P. M., KRUSTRUP, P., BANGSBO, J., & POOLE, D. C. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31821fcfc1 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack, M. I., JONES, A. M., Blackwell, J. R., Bailey, S. J., Wylie, L. J., McDonagh, S. T. J., Thompson, C., KELLY, J. A., Sumners, P., Mileva, K. N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00942.2016 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citationA 3-min All-Out Test to Determine Peak Oxygen Uptake and the Maximal Steady State
Burnley, M., Doust, J. H., & Vanhatalo, A. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000232024.06114.a6 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Effect of endurance training on possible determinants of VO2 during heavy exercise
Casaburi, R. H., Storer, T. W., Ben-Dov, I., & Wasserman, K. (1987) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.62.1.199 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Vanhatalo, A., Fulford, J., DiMenna, F. J., & JONES, A. M. (2009) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2009.050500 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationWakayoshi, K., Ikuta, K., Yoshida, T., Masao, U. D. O., Moritani, T., Mutoh, Y., & Miyashita, M. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00717953 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Maximal lactate steady state, critical power and EMG during cycling
PRINGLE, J. S. M., & Jones, A. (2002) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0703-4 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationThe influence of pacing strategy on &OV0312;O2 and supramaximal kayak performance
Bishop, D. J., Bonetti, D. L., & DAWSON, B. T. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200206000-00022 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Application of Critical Power in Sport
Vanhatalo, A., JONES, A. M., & Burnley, M. (2011) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.6.1.128 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationBailey, S. J., Wilkerson, D. P., DiMenna, F. J., & JONES, A. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00144.2009 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, C. G. M., & Jones, A. M. (2001) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210100384 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationPulmonary O2uptake kinetics as a determinant of high-intensity exercise tolerance in humans
Murgatroyd, S. R., Ferguson, C., Ward, S. A., Whipp, B. J., & Rossiter, H. B. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01092.2010 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Vanhatalo, A., Black, M. I., DiMenna, F. J., Blackwell, J. R., Schmidt, J. F., Thompson, C., Wylie, L. J., Mohr, M., Bangsbo, J., Krustrup, P., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271879 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationVanhatalo, A., Poole, D. C., DiMenna, F. J., Bailey, S. J., & JONES, A. M. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00761.2010 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationGaesser, G. A., & Wilson, L. A. (1988) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1025043 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
A 3-parameter critical power model
Morton, R. H. (1996) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139608964484 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
A High Velocity Treadmill Running Test to Assess Endurance Running Potential*
Hughson, R. L., Orok, C. J., & Staudt, L. A. (1984) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025875 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Physiological Basis of Athletic Records1
Hill, A. V. (1925) · Nature · doi:10.1038/116544a0 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Modeling the Expenditure and Reconstitution of Work Capacity above Critical Power
Skiba, P. F., Chidnok, W., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182517a80 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationA 3-min All-out Cycling Test Is Sensitive to a Change in Critical Power
Vanhatalo, A., Doust, J. H., & Burnley, M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318177871a · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Effect of work rate on the functional ‘gain’ of Phase II pulmonary O2 uptake response to exercise
Wilkerson, D. P., Koppo, K., Barstow, T. J., & JONES, A. M. (2004) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2004.06.001 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationFerguson, C., Rossiter, H. B., Whipp, B. J., Cathcart, A. J., Murgatroyd, S. R., & Ward, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91425.2008 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Influence of Continuous and Interval Training on Oxygen Uptake On-Kinetics
BERGER, N. J. A., Tolfrey, K., Williams, A. G., & JONES, A. M. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000191418.37709.81 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationDutka, T. L., Lamboley, C., McKenna, M. J., Murphy, R. M., & Lamb, G. D. (2012) · Journal of applied physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01331.2011 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The energy cost of running increases with the distance covered
Brückner, J. C., Atchou, G., Capelli, C., Duvallet, A. L., Barrault, D., Jousselin, E., Rieu, M., & di Prampero, P. E. (1991) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00626607 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The critical power model for intermittent exercise
Morton, R. H., & Billat, V. L. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0987-z · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Human critical power–oxygen uptake relationship at different pedalling frequencies
Barker, T., Poole, D. C., Noble, M. L., & Barstow, T. J. (2006) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032789 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Lanza, I. R., Bhagra, S., Nair, K. S., & Port, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.22733 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Influence of pacing strategy on O2 uptake and exercise tolerance
JONES, A. M., Wilkerson, D. P., Vanhatalo, A., & Burnley, M. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00725.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationIntensity-dependent tolerance to exercise after attaining V o 2 max in humans
Coats, E. M., Rossiter, H. B., Day, J. R., Miura, A., Fukuba, Y., & Whipp, B. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01142.2002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-pacing increases critical power and improves performance during severe-intensity exercise
Black, M. I., JONES, A. M., Bailey, S. J., & Vanhatalo, A. (2015) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0442 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationChidnok, W., Fulford, J., Bailey, S. J., DiMenna, F. J., Skiba, P. F., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00334.2013 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationFast-Start Strategy Improves V˙O2 Kinetics and High-Intensity Exercise Performance
Bailey, S. J., Vanhatalo, A., DiMenna, F. J., Wilkerson, D. P., & JONES, A. M. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181ef3dce · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of duty cycle on the power-duration relationship: Observations and potential mechanisms
Broxterman, R. M., Ade, C. J., Wilcox, S. L., Schlup, S. J., Craig, J. C., & Barstow, T. J. (2013) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.11.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Exercise Tolerance in Intermittent Cycling
Chidnok, W., DiMenna, F. J., Bailey, S. J., Vanhatalo, A., Morton, R. H., Wilkerson, D. P., & JONES, A. M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31823ea28a · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationBurnley, M., Vanhatalo, A., Fulford, J., & JONES, A. M. (2010) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2010.052688 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of prior sprint exercise on the parameters of the ‘all‐out critical power test’ in men
Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2008) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2008.045229 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Work and Recovery Durations on W′ Reconstitution during Intermittent Exercise
Skiba, P. F., Jackman, S. R., Clarke, D. C., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000226 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationIntramuscular determinants of the ability to recover work capacity above critical power
Skiba, P. F., Fulford, J., Clarke, D. C., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3050-3 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationLactate and gas exchange responses to incremental and steady state running.
Haverty, M., Kenney, W. L., & Hodgson, J. L. (1988) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.22.2.51 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Broxterman, R. M., Ade, C. J., Craig, J. C., Wilcox, S. L., Schlup, S. J., & Barstow, T. J. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00875.2014 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A single test for the determination of parameters of the speed–time relationship for running
Broxterman, R. M., Ade, C. J., Poole, D. C., Harms, C. A., & Barstow, T. J. (2012) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2012.08.024 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Influence of Hypoxia on the Power-duration Relationship during High-intensity Exercise
Simpson, L. P., Jones, A., Skiba, P. F., Vanhatalo, A., & Wilkerson, D. P. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1389943 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermination of critical power in trained rowers using a three-minute all-out rowing test
Cheng, C.-F., Yang, Y.-S., Lin, H.-M., Lee, C.-L., & Wang, C.-Y. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2081-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bioenergetic constraints on tactical decision making in middle distance running
JONES, A. M., & Whipp, B. J. (2002) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.2.102 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Pacing Strategy on Work Done above Critical Power during High-Intensity Exercise
Chidnok, W., DiMenna, F. J., Bailey, S. J., Wilkerson, D. P., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182860325 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationChidnok, W., DiMenna, F. J., Fulford, J., Bailey, S. J., Skiba, P. F., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00406.2013 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of a Novel Intermittent W′ Model for Cycling Using Field Data
Skiba, P. F., Clarke, D. C., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0471 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationOxygen Uptake and Muscle Desaturation Kinetics during Intermittent Cycling
Turner, A. P., Cathcart, A. J., PARKER, M. E., BUTTERWORTH, C., Wilson, J., & Ward, S. A. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000188450.82733.f0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Pulmonary O 2 uptake on-kinetics in sprint- and endurance-trained athletes
BERGER, N. J. A., & JONES, A. M. (2007) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h06-109 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of initial metabolic rate on the power–duration relationship for all-out exercise
Simpson, L. P., JONES, A. M., Vanhatalo, A., & Wilkerson, D. P. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2214-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of metabolism: the rest-to-work transition in skeletal muscle
Wilson, D. F. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00355.2015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Physiological Demands of Endurance Exercise
JONES, A. M., & Poole, D. C. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9781444303315.ch3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThree-Minute All-Out Test in Swimming
Tsai, M., & Thomas, S. G. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0479 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Isoperformance curves: An application in team selection
Morton, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410903352915 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Examination and Critique of Current Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity
Jamnick, N. A., Pettitt, R. W., Granata, C., Pyne, D. B., & Bishop, D. J. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01322-8 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
The maximal metabolic steady state: redefining the ‘gold standard’
JONES, A. M., Burnley, M., Black, M. I., Poole, D. C., & Vanhatalo, A. (2019) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14098 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationThe anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy
Poole, D. C., Rossiter, H. B., Brooks, G. A., & Gladden, L. B. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp279963 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Physiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race pace
JONES, A. M., Kirby, B. S., Clark, I. E., Rice, H. M., Fulkerson, E., Wylie, L. J., Wilkerson, D. P., Vanhatalo, A., & Wilkins, B. W. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00647.2020 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationContemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers
Burke, L. M., Jeukendrup, A. E., Jones, A. M., & Mooses, M. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0004 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationJONES, A. M. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284205 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Importance of ‘Durability’ in the Physiological Profiling of Endurance Athletes
Maunder, E., Seiler, S., Mildenhall, M. J., Kilding, A. E., & Plews, D. J. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Taurine in sports and exercise
Kurtz, J. A., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Doyle, J. A., & Otis, J. S. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00438-0 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
McMorris, T. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing
Losnegard, T. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04158-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Using ramp-incremental VO2 responses for constant-intensity exercise selection
Keir, D. A., Paterson, D. H., Kowalchuk, J. M., & Murias, J. M. (2018) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0826 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Power profiling and the power-duration relationship in cycling: a narrative review
Leo, P. D., Spragg, J., Podlogar, T., Lawley, J. S., & Mujika, I. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04833-y · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Critical power: How different protocols and models affect its determination
Maturana, F. M., Fontana, F. Y., Pogliaghi, S., Passfield, L., & Murias, J. M. (2017) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.015 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Muniz‐Pumares, D., Karsten, B., Triska, C., & Glaister, M. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002977 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Effects of Two Hours of Heavy-Intensity Exercise on the Power–Duration Relationship
Clark, I. E., Vanhatalo, A., Bailey, S. J., Wylie, L. J., Kirby, B. S., Wilkins, B. W., & JONES, A. M. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001601 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationCreatine supplementation and endurance performance: surges and sprints to win the race
Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Neto, J. H. F., Kennedy, M. D., Forbes, J. L., Machado, M., Bustillo, E., Gómez-López, J., Zapata, A., & António, J. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204071 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kirby, B. S., Clark, D. A., Bradley, E. M., & Wilkins, B. W. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2021 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Price, S., Wiecha, S., Cieśliński, I., Śliż, D., Kasiak, P. S., Łach, J., Gruba, G., Kowalski, T., & Mamcarz, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063557 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Calculation of Critical Speed from Raw Training Data in Recreational Marathon Runners
Smyth, B., & Muniz‐Pumares, D. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002412 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Azevedo, R. D. A., Silva‐Cavalcante, M. D., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & Bertuzzi, R. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04549-5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Clark, I. E., Vanhatalo, A., Thompson, C., Wylie, L. J., Bailey, S. J., Kirby, B. S., Wilkins, B. W., & JONES, A. M. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00031.2019 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSmyth, B., Maunder, E., Meyler, S., Hunter, B., & Muniz‐Pumares, D. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01680-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kirby, B. S., Winn, B., Wilkins, B. W., & JONES, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00223.2021 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationOxygen Demand, Uptake, and Deficits in Elite Cross-Country Skiers during a 15-km Race
Gløersen, Ø. N., Gilgien, M., Dysthe, D. K., Malthe‐Sørenssen, A., & Losnegard, T. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002209 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dalton‐Barron, N., Whitehead, S., Roe, G. A. B., Cummins, C. J., Beggs, C. B., & Jones, B. L. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1745446 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nixon, R. J., Kranen, S. H., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04780-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Reconstitution of W′ Depends on Both Work and Recovery Characteristics
Caen, K., Bourgois, J., Bourgois, G., der Stede, T. V., Vermeire, K., & Boone, J. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001968 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Road cycle TT performance: Relationship to the power-duration model and association with FTP
Morgan, P. T., Black, M. I., Bailey, S. J., JONES, A. M., & Vanhatalo, A. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1535772 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationHoogkamer, W., Snyder, K. L., & Arellano, C. J. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0991-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Biological effects of dosing aerobic exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in rats
Dalise, S., Cavalli, L., Ghuman, H., Wahlberg, B., Gerwig, M., Chisari, C., Ambrosio, F., & Modo, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11260-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Oral taurine improves critical power and severe-intensity exercise tolerance
Waldron, M., Patterson, S. D., & Jeffries, O. (2019) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-019-02775-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Physiological Resilience: What Is It and How Might It Be Trained?
JONES, A. M., & Kirby, B. S. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70032 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-Intensity Conditioning for Combat Athletes: Practical Recommendations
Ruddock, A. D., James, L. P., French, D. N., Rogerson, D., Driller, M. W., & Hembrough, D. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112210658 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Goulding, R. P., Burnley, M., & Wüst, R. C. I. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01832-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Llanos-Lagos, C., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Moran, J., & de Villarreal, E. S. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02018-z · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Roloff, Z. A., Dicks, N. D., Krynski, L. M., Hartman, M. E., Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A., & Pettitt, R. W. (2020) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2020.100158 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Critical oxygenation: Can muscle oxygenation inform us about critical power?
Feldmann, A., & Erlacher, D. (2021) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110575 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jaén‐Carrillo, D., Roche-Seruendo, L. E., Cartón-Llorente, A., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., & García‐Pinillos, F. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20226482 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Vieira, L. H. P., Santinelli, F. B., Carling, C., Kellis, E., Santiago, P. R. P., & Barbieri, F. A. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01391-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Power Profiling in U23 Professional Cyclists During a Competitive Season
Leo, P. D., Spragg, J., Mujika, I., Menz, V., & Lawley, J. S. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0200 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Characterization of performance fatigability during a self-paced exercise
Azevedo, R. D. A., Cruz, R., Couto, P., Silva‐Cavalcante, M. D., Boari, D., Lima‐Silva, A. E., Millet, G. Y., & Bertuzzi, R. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00090.2019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Harat, I., Clark, N. W., Boffey, D., Herring, C. H., Goldstein, E. R., Redd, M. J., Wells, A. J., Stout, J. R., & Fukuda, D. H. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1754110 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
An All-Out Test to Determine Finger Flexor Critical Force in Rock Climbers
Giles, D., Hartley, C., Maslen, H., Hadley, J., Taylor, N., Torr, O., Chidley, J. B., Randall, T., & Fryer, S. M. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0637 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Over 55 years of critical power: Fact or artifact?
Gorostiaga, E. M., Sánchez‐Medina, L., & García-Tabar, I. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14074 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Almarashi, A. M., Daniyal, M., & Jamal, F. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00815-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Prior exercise impairs subsequent performance in an intensity- and duration-dependent manner
Fullerton, M. M., Passfield, L., MacInnis, M. J., Iannetta, D., & Murias, J. M. (2021) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0689 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
What is known about the FTP20 test related to cycling? A scoping review
Mackey, J., & Horner, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Classification of Intensity in Team Sport Activity
Polglaze, T., Hogan, C., DAWSON, B. T., Buttfield, A., Osgnach, C., Lester, L., & Peeling, P. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001575 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Determination of Finger-Flexor Critical Force in Rock Climbers
Giles, D., Chidley, J. B., Taylor, N., Torr, O., Hadley, J., Randall, T., & Fryer, S. M. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0809 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Collins, J., Leach, O. K., Dorff, A., Linde, J., Kofoed, J., Sherman, M. C., Proffit, M., & Gifford, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00344.2022 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Experimental validation of the 3-parameter critical power model in cycling
Vinetti, G., Taboni, A., Bruseghini, P., Camelio, S., D'''Elia, M., Fagoni, N., Moia, C., & Ferretti, G. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04083-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Race Analysis of the World’s Best Female and Male Marathon Runners
Billat, V. L., Vitiello, D., Palacin, F., Correa, M., & Pycke, J. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041177 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Critical Power Model as a Potential Tool for Anti-doping
Puchowicz, M. J., Mizelman, E., Yogev, A., Koehle, M. S., Townsend, N., & Clarke, D. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00643 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ekkekakis, P., Hartman, M. E., & Ladwig, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2022-0029 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Critical Power and Maximal Lactate Steady State in Cycling: “Watts” the Difference?
Caen, K., Poole, D. C., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02075-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationDenadai, B. S., & Greco, C. C. (2022) · Current Research in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.crphys.2022.06.006 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kordi, M., Fullerton, C. L., Passfield, L., & Simpson, L. P. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1495768 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Time to exhaustion during cycling is not well predicted by critical power calculations
Pallarés, J. G., Lillo-Beviá, J. R., Morán‐Navarro, R., Cerezuela‐Espejo, V., & Mora‐Rodríguez, R. (2020) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0637 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
James, J. J., Leach, O. K., Young, A. M., Newman, A. N., Mpongo, K., Quirante, J., Wardell, D., Ahmadi, M., & Gifford, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00416.2022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Invited review: The speed-duration relationship across the animal kingdom
Burnley, M. (2023) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111387 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Lu, Y., Zhou, C., & Wang, X. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101685 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Durability as an index of endurance exercise performance: Methodological considerations
Hunter, B., Maunder, E., JONES, A. M., Gallo, G., & Muniz‐Pumares, D. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep092120 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling human endurance: power laws vs critical power
Drake, J., Finke, A., & Ferguson, R. A. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05274-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Modelling the HRV Response to Training Loads in Elite Rugby Sevens Players.
Williams, S., West, S., Howells, D., Kemp, S. P. T., Flatt, A. A., & Stokes, K. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
W′ Recovery Kinetics after Exhaustion: A Two-Phase Exponential Process Influenced by Aerobic Fitness
Caen, K., Bourgois, G., Dauwe, C., Blancquaert, L., Vermeire, K., Lievens, E., Dorpe, J. V., Derave, W., Bourgois, J., Pringels, L., et al. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002673 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Critical speed and finite distance capacity: norms for athletic and non-athletic groups
Kramer, M., Thomas, E. J., & Pettitt, R. W. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04325-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kramer, M., du Randt, R., Watson, M., & Pettitt, R. W. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201389 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chorley, A., Bott, R. P., Marwood, S., & Lamb, K. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04459-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Power Profile of Top 5 Results in World Tour Cycling Races
van Erp, T., Lamberts, R. P., & Sanders, D. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2021-0081 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Use of Exercise Training to Enhance the Power-Duration Curve: A Systematic Review
Hurd, K. A., Surges, M. P., & Farrell, J. W. (2022) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004315 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Craig, J. C., Vanhatalo, A., Burnley, M., JONES, A. M., & Poole, D. C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814593-7.00008-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationCeleski, M., Gioia, G. D., Nusca, A., Segreti, A., Squeo, M. R., Lemme, E., Mango, F., Ferrera, A., Ussia, G. P., & Grigioni, F. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13175144 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hoogkamer, W., Snyder, K. L., & Arellano, C. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01056-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Thomas, E. J., Pettitt, R. W., & Kramer, M. (2020) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-020-00053-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Identification of maximal steady-state metabolic rate by the change in muscle oxygen saturation
Matthews, I. R., Heenan, L. J., Fisher, K. G., Flood, E. F., Wehrman, L. W., Kirby, B. S., & Wilkins, B. W. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00706.2022 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lievens, M., Caen, K., Bourgois, J., Vermeire, K., & Boone, J. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002574 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Health State EstimationPreprint
Nag, N. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.09312 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Training Intensity Distribution of Marathon Runners Across Performance Levels
Muniz‐Pumares, D., Hunter, B., Meyler, S., Maunder, E., & Smyth, B. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02137-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Boillet, A., Messonnier, L. A., & Cohen, C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56042-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Savoia, C., Padulo, J., COLLI, R., Marra, E., McRobert, A. P., Chester, N. J., Azzone, V., Pullinger, S. A., & Doran, D. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249554 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
High-intensity decreasing interval training (HIDIT) increases time above 90% $$\dot{V}$$O2peak
Vaccari, F., Giovanelli, N., & Lazzer, S. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04463-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zignoli, A., & Biral, F. (2020) · Sports Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12283-020-00326-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Multidisciplinary Physical Preparation of a Multiple Paralympic Medal-Winning Cyclist
Sanders, D., Spindler, D. J., & Stanley, J. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0039 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bossi, A. H., Cole, D. J., Passfield, L., & Hopker, J. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05176-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of musical tempo on human thermal comfort during interval exercise
Zhen, M., Xia, W., & Lin, D. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112359 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chang, S.-C., Adami, A., Lin, H.-C., Lin, Y., Chen, C. P. C., Fu, T., Hsu, C., & Huang, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226313 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kontro, H., Bertagnolli, C., Murias, J. M., & MacInnis, M. J. (2022) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep090642 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zignoli, A., Fornasiero, A., Bertolazzi, E., Pellegrini, B., Schena, F. F., Biral, F., & Laursen, P. B. (2019) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-019-00557-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Physiological Capacity During Simulated Stair Climbing Evacuation at Maximum Speed Until Exhaustion
Halder, A., Kuklane, K., Miller, M., Nordin, A., Unge, J., & Gao, C. (2020) · Fire Technology · doi:10.1007/s10694-020-01013-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Critical Speed as a Measure of Aerobic Fitness for Male Rugby Union Players
Kramer, M., Watson, M., du Randt, R., & Pettitt, R. W. (2018) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0411 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Commentaries on Viewpoint: Physiology and fast marathons
Santos‐Concejero, J., González‐Mohíno, F., González‐Ravé, J. M., Perrey, S., Dewolf, A. H., Yates, B. A., Ušaj, A., Debevec, T., González-Rayas, J. M., Rayas‐Gómez, A. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00167.2020 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The relation between sprint power and road time trial performance in elite para-cyclists
Nooijen, C. F. J., Muchaxo, R., Liljedahl, J. B., Bjerkefors, A., Janssen, T. W. J., van der Woude, L. H. V., Arndt, T., & de Groot, S. (2021) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.014 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lipková, L., Kumstát, M., & Struhár, I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137589 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bossi, A. H., Naumann, U., Passfield, L., & Hopker, J. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05340-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Impact of advanced footwear technology on critical speed and performance in elite runners
Rodrigo‐Carranza, V., González‐Mohíno, F., Casado, A., Santos‐Concejero, J., Galán‐Rioja, M. Á., & González‐Ravé, J. M. (2023) · Footwear Science · doi:10.1080/19424280.2022.2164624 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Vigh-Larsen, J. F., Junge, N., Cialdella-Kam, L. A., Tomás, R., Young, L. T., Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., & Nybo, L. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003442 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pimenta, R., Antunes, H., Ribeiro, J., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1603767 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stein, J. A., Hepler, T. C., DeBlauw, J. A., Beattie, C. M., Beshirs, C. D., Holte, K. M., Kurtz, B. K., & Heinrich, K. M. (2022) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2022.2025913 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tripp, T. R., McDougall, R. M., Frankish, B. P., Wiley, J. P., Lun, V. M. Y., & MacInnis, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2023 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Critical Speed throughout Aging: Insight into the World Masters Championships
Gifford, J. R., & COLLINS, J. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002501 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jones, A. M., & Vanhatalo, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Andrew M.
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 65-78
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- PMC
- PMC5371646
- OpenAlex
- W2598090454
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- PepsiCo
- Gran Sasso Science Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- critical power, high-intensity intermittent exercise, work capacity, team sports, endurance sports, pacing strategy, fatigue monitoring, exercise intolerance, phosphocreatine, blood lactate, pulmonary oxygen uptake
- MeSH terms
- Exercise Test, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Athletic Performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
