Genetic aspects of gambling disorders: recent developments and future directions
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is a significant genetic contribution to gambling disorder.
“Data suggest a signi fi cant genetic contribution to gambling disorder (Lobo, 2016; Potenza, 2017, 2018; Xuan et al., 2017)”
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,417 · see citing works
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067 · see citing works
Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling
Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
Verdejo‐García, A., Lawrence, A. J., & Clark, L. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Petry, N. M., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0504 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
Lorains, F. K., Cowlishaw, S., & Thomas, S. A. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03300.x · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708002900 · Cited by 928 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(1) The selection of genes in candidate gene studies is based on neuropathways involved in substance use disorder and/or impulsivity, mostly on serotonergic and dopaminergic genes and genes which produce enzymes involved in monoaminemetabolism. InGWAS,millions of genetic markers and polymorphisms are distributed acros…”
Drug abusers show impaired performance in a laboratory test of decision making
Grant, S. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00158-x · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Impaired inhibitory control of behavior in chronic cocaine users
Fillmore, M. T., & Rush, C. R. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00206-x · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Bienvenu, O., Samuels, J., Riddle, M., Hoehn-Saric, R., Liang, K.-Y., Cullen, B., Grados, M., & Nestadt, G. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00831-3 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Goudriaan, A., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E., & van den Brink, W. (2005) · Brain research. Cognitive brain research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.017 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Cunningham‐Williams, R. M., Cottler, L. B., Compton, W. M., & Spitznagel, E. L. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.7.1093 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness
Petry, N. M. (2001) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00188-5 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Hodgins, D. C., Stea, J. N., & Grant, J. E. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62185-x · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Leeman, R. F., & Potenza, M. N. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2550-7 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Common Genetic Vulnerability for Pathological Gambling and Alcohol Dependence in Men
Slutske, W. S. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.7.666 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Prevalence of repetitive and reward-seeking behaviors in Parkinson disease
Voon, V., Hassan, K. T., Zurowski, M., de Souza, M., Thomsen, T. R., Fox, S. H., Lang, A. E., & Miyasaki, J. M. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000238503.20816.13 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Pathological Gambling: A Critical Review
Crockford, D. N., & el‐Guebaly, N. (1998) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379804300104 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Zeeb, F. D., Robbins, T. W., & Winstanley, C. A. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.62 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Impulsive Responding in Alcoholics
Mitchell, J. M., Fields, H. L., D'Esposito, M., & Boettiger, C. A. (2005) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000191755.63639.4a · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Hollander, E., & Wong, C. M. (2010) · Phlebolymphology · doi:10.31887/dcns.2010.12.2 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision-making with alcohol-dependent individuals.
Lawrence, A. J., Luty, J., Bogdan, N. A., Sahakian, B. J., & Clark, L. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02533.x · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Familial influences on gambling behavior: an analysis of 3359 twin pairs
Eisen, S. A., Lyons, M. J., Scherrer, J. F., Griffith, K., True, W. R., Goldberg, J. H., & Tsuang, M. T. (1998) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93913758.x · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Long-term heavy marijuana users make costly decisions on a gambling task
Whitlow, C. T., Liguori, A., Livengood, L. B., Hart, S. L., Mussat-Whitlow, B. J., Lamborn, C. M., Laurienti, P. J., & Porrino, L. J. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.009 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Familial and Social Influences on Juvenile Gambling Behavior
Gupta, R., & Derevensky, J. L. (1997) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1024915231379 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Revising the South Oaks Gambling Screen in different settings
Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1993) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/bf01015919 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Genes and (Common) Pathways Underlying Drug Addiction
Li, C.-Y., Mao, X., & Wei, L. (2008) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0040002 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The subtyping of pathological gambling: A comprehensive review
Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.013 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Goudriaan, A., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E., & van den Brink, W. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.02.007 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
A twin study of the association between pathological gambling and antisocial personality disorder.
Slutske, W. S., Eisen, S. A., Xian, H., True, W. R., Lyons, M. J., Goldberg, J. H., & Tsuang, M. T. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.2.297 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Shared Genetic Contributions to Pathological Gambling and Major Depression in Men
Potenza, M. N., Xian, H., Shah, K. R., Scherrer, J. F., & Eisen, S. A. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.1015 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders
Hollander, E., & Wong, C. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Dussault, F., Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Wanner, B., & Tremblay, R. E. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02313.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Problematic gambling on dopamine agonists: Not such a rarity
Grosset, K. A., Macphee, G. J. A., Pal, G., Stewart, D. A., Watt, A., Davie, J., & Grosset, D. G. (2006) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21110 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
de Castro, I. P., ez, A. I., Torres, P., iz-Ruiz, J. N. S., & ndez-Piqueras, J. F. (1997) · Pharmacogenetics · doi:10.1097/00008571-199710000-00001 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
A twin study of the association between pathological gambling and antisocial personality disorder.
Slutske, W. S., Eisen, S. A., Xian, H., et al. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.297 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A family study of pathological gambling
Black, D. W., Monahan, P. O., Temkit, M., & Shaw, M. C. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.12.005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Rabiner, E. A., Slifstein, M., Nóbrega, J. N., Plisson, C., Huiban, M., Raymond, R., Diwan, M., Wilson, A. A., McCormick, P. N., Gentile, G., et al. (2009) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20658 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
QUALITY OF LIFE AND FAMILY HISTORY IN PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING
Black, D. W., Moyer, T., & Schlosser, S. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000050942.86352.47 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Slutske, W. S., Ellingson, J. M., Richmond‐Rakerd, L. S., Zhu, G., & Martin, N. G. (2013) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2013.11 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-reported and neuropsychological measures of impulsivity in pathological gambling
Fuentes, D., Tavares, H., Artes, R., & Gorenstein, C. (2006) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617706061091 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Dopamine Genes and Pathological Gambling in Discordant Sib-Pairs
Lobo, D. S. S., Vallada, H., Knight, J., Martins, S. S., Tavares, H., Gentil, V., & Kennedy, J. L. (2007) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9060-x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationPotenza, M. N., Koran, L. M., & Pallanti, S. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.036 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Genetic aspects of pathological gambling: a complex disorder with shared genetic vulnerabilities.
Lobo, D., & Kennedy, J. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02671.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationScherrer, J. F., Xian, H., Kapp, J. M., Waterman, B. M., Shah, K. R., Volberg, R. A., & Eisen, S. A. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000252384.20382.e9 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Lobo, D. S. S., de Souza, R. P., Tong, R. P., Casey, D. M., Hodgins, D. C., Smith, G. J., Williams, R. J., Schopflocher, D., Wood, R., el‐Guebaly, N., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.04.008 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic and Environmental Influences on Disordered Gambling in Men and Women
Slutske, W. S., Zhu, G., Meier, M. H., & Martin, N. G. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.51 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Genome‐wide association study of a quantitative disordered gambling trait
Lind, P. A., Zhu, G., Montgomery, G. W., Madden, P. A. F., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., & Slutske, W. S. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00463.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Children of Gamblers Anonymous members
Lesieur, H. R., & Rothschild, J. (1989) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/bf01672428 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
P300 Event-Related Potential Amplitude and Impulsivity in Cocaine-Dependent Subjects
Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Fischer, C. J., Dougherty, D. M., Reilly, E. L., Mathias, C. W., & Swann, A. C. (2004) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000079110 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Xian, H., Giddens, J. L., Scherrer, J. F., Eisen, S. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12407 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The genetics of pathological gambling
Eisen, S. A., Slutske, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Lassman, J., Xian, H., Toomey, R., Chantarujikapong, S., & Tsuang, M. T. (2001) · Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1053/scnp.2001.22931 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Perceived family history of problem gambling and scores on SOGS
Gambino, B., Fitzgerald, R. B., Shaffer, H. J., Renner, J. A., & Courtnage, P. (1993) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/bf01014866 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Social and Economic Impacts of Gambling
Williams, R. J., Rehm, J. T., & Stevens, R. M. G. (2011) · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Scherrer, J. F., Xian, H., Slutske, W. S., Eisen, S. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2497 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Genetics of Gambling and Behavioral Addictions
Lobo, D. S. S., & Kennedy, J. L. (2006) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900015121 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationPARHAMI, I., MOJTABAI, R., ROSENTHAL, R. J., AFIFI, T. O., & FONG, T. W. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000450320.98988.7c · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Shared genetic contributions to anxiety disorders and pathological gambling in a male population
Giddens, J. L., Xian, H., Scherrer, J. F., Eisen, S. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.008 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lim, S., Ha, J., Choi, S., Kang, S., & Shin, Y.-C. (2011) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9261-1 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Genetics of Problem and Pathological Gambling: A Systematic Review
Gyollai, Á., Griffiths, M. D., Barta, C., Vereczkei, A., Urbán, R., Kun, B., Kökönyei, G., Székely, A., Sasvári‐Székely, M., Blum, K., et al. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990626 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Blanco, C., Myers, J. R., & Kendler, K. S. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001401 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Lobo, D., Aleksandrova, L., Knight, J., Casey, D., el-Guebaly, N., Nobrega, J., & Kennedy, J. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.113 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack, D. W., Goldstein, R. B., Noyes, R., & Blum, N. S. (1994) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(94)90060-u · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wilson, D., Lobo, D. S. S., Tavares, H., Gentil, V., & Vallada, H. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9846-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationLeménager, T., Richter, A., Reinhard, I., Gelbke, J., Beckmann, B., Heinrich, M., Kniest, A., Mann, K. F., & Hermann, D. (2011) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e31820b3e3d · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Beaver, K. M., Hoffman, T. L., Shields, R. T., Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., & WRIGHT, J. P. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02803.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Pathological Gambling Symptoms in a 10-Year Follow-Up
Xian, H., Scherrer, J. F., Slutske, W. S., Shah, K. R., Volberg, R. A., & Eisen, S. A. (2007) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.10.1.174 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Fagundo, A. B., Fernández‐Aranda, F., de la Torre, R., Verdejo‐García, A., Granero, R., Penelo, E., Gené, M., Barrot, C., Sánchez, C. G., Álvarez‐Moya, E. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114551079 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Gray, J. C., & MacKillop, J. (2014) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.284 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
COMT Associations with Disordered Gambling and Drinking Measures
Guillot, C. R., Fanning, J. R., Liang, T., & Berman, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9434-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., Potter, J., & Opalesky, J. (2009) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.12.2.137 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Gambling and Substance Use in Early Adolescence
Vitaro, F., Hartl, A. C., Brendgen, M. R., Laursen, B. P., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2014) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9658-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Slutske, W. S., Cho, S. B., Piasecki, T. M., & Martin, N. G. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029999 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lobo, D. S. S., Quilty, L. C., Martins, S. S., Tavares, H., Vallada, H., Kennedy, J. L., & Bagby, R. M. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationRichmond‐Rakerd, L. S., Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12310 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Slutske, W. S., & Richmond‐Rakerd, L. S. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12345 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Slutske, W. S., Deutsch, A. R., Richmond‐Rakerd, L. S., Chernyavskiy, P., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0035356 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032 · Cited by 2,126 · see citing works
“to gambling disorder (Lobo, 2016; Potenza, 2017, 2018; Xuan et al., 2017) and unspecified internet-use disorder (Hahn, Reuter, Spinath, & Montag, 2017).”
Conceptual Framework of Harmful Gambling, Third Edition
Abbott, M., Binde, P., Clark, L., Hodgins, D., Johnson, M., Manitowabi, D., Quilty, L., Spångberg, J., Volberg, R., Walker, D. M., et al. (2018) · doi:10.33684/cfhg3.en · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Limbrick‐Oldfield, E. H., Mick, I., Cocks, R., Flechais, R., Turton, S., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Bowden‐Jones, H., & Clark, L. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0534-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jun, H., Sacco, P., & Cunningham‐Williams, R. M. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00087-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cognitive factors in gambling disorder, a behavioral addiction
Brooks, G. A., Ferrari, M. A., & Clark, L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815298-0.00015-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Risk for Disordered Gambling
Slutske, W. S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03060-5_5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Grzesik, A. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09920-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Family Study of Executive Function in Gambling Disorder
Aidelbaum, R., Hodgins, D. C., & Goghari, V. M. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00963-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hua, C. (2023) · Frontiers in clinical drug research. CNS and neurological disorders · doi:10.2174/9789815123319123110004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cadre Conceptuel du Jeu Préjudiciable, Troisième Édition
Abbott, M., Binde, P., Clark, L., Hodgins, D. C., Johnson, M., Manitowabi, D., Quilty, L. C., Spångberg, J., Volberg, R. A., Walker, D., et al. (2018) · doi:10.33684/cfhg3.fr · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lobo, D. S. S.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lobo, Daniela S. S.
- ORCID
- Lobo, Daniela S. S.
- Venue
- Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports
- Published
- 2016-02-10
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 58-66
- ISSN
- 2196-2979 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2257754168
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2023: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 3.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, genetic susceptibility, familial aggregation, twin studies, heritability, molecular genetics, genetic risk factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review