Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness

“Women seem to develop gambling problems at lower rates than men (e.g. Petry, 2000b), and women tend to be less impulsive than men (e.g. Eysenck et al., 1985).”

“No Go paradigms (Bjork et al., 2004a; Kamarajan et al., 2005a), increased stop signal reaction time (Goudriaan et al., 2006), and higher rates of delaydiscounting (Mitchell et al., 2005; Petry, 2001a; Vuchinich and Simpson, 1998).”

“Increased release of dopamine might be a part of a sensation-seeking behavior associated with ADHD (Blum et al. 1995; Petry 2001).”

“However, impulsivity is a multidimensional construct (Gerbing et al. 1987), and research has only begun to identify the types of impulsivity in substance abusers ( Petry 2000b ).”

“Studies indicate that gambling problems may be related to impulsive coping or the urge for immediate reward, two constructs similar to urgency (Nower, Deverensky, & Gupta, 2004; Petry, 2001).”

“deficient activation of the prefrontal cortex by cognitive challenges) may be a feature of cocaine addiction (Jentsch and Taylor 1999; Rogers et al. 1999; Bechara et al. 2001; Petry 2001).”

“These studies have provided evidence suggesting that drug-abusing individuals may be more risky than non-drug-abusing individuals on the BGT (Bechara et al., 2001; Petry, 2001; Petry, Bickel, & Arnett, 1998).”

“…impairments as measured by the GT, these deficits may not relate directly to deficits in impulsiveness as measured by a variety of personality scales (Petry, 2001), thus suggesting that the two functions (decision-making and impulsiveness) may be processed by separate mechanisms in the brain.”

“Later studies that revisited the issue of decision making in relation to the prefrontal cortex in addictive disorders revealed that VM cortex dysfunction is evident in a significant subgroup of ISDs (Bartzokis et al., 2000; Bechara, 2003; Ernst et al., 2000; Grant, Contoreggi, & London, 2000; London et al., 2000; Maza…”

“Individuals with substance addiction display abnormally risky decision-making behaviors (Grant et al., 2000; Bechara et al., 2001, 2002; Petry, 2001; Cavedini et al., 2002; Epstein et al., 2006), and their stimulus-bound behaviors often result in real-life negative consequences.”

“PG participants discounted delayed rewards to a greater extent than controls on a task in which they selected between small, immediate, and larger, distal hypothetical rewards on index cards (Dixon et al. 2003; Petry 2001b; Petry and Casarella 1999).”

“…being high in risk-taking behaviors and people who abuse substances, such as drugs and alcohol (Bechara et al., 1994, 2001; S. Grant, Contoreggi, & London, 2000; Mazas, Finn, & Steinmetz, 2000; Monterosso, Ehrman, Napier, O’Brien, & Chidress, 2001; Petry, 2001; Petry, Bickel, & Arnett, 1998).”

“However, neuropsychological studies utilizing this task in addicted subjects have demonstrated that this population show behavioural responses similar to patients with OFC lesions (Petry et al . 1998; Grant et al . 2000; Bechara et al . 2001; Petry 2001; Bechara & Damasio 2002).”

“Our finding that SDPG was similar to or better than SD is inconsistent with that of Petry et al., who found that gambling substance users were more impaired on IGT compared with nongambling substance users [ Petry, 2001b ].”

“Petry [ 25 ] showed that substance abusers who also have a gambling problem performed more poorly on this gain‐loss task than substance abusers without gambling problems, and both groups performed more poorly than controls.”

“However, these concerns are mitigated in studies showing comparable neurocognitive effects across problem gamblers and substance addictions (Petry 2001a; Lawrence et al. 2009; notably, patients with alcohol dependence were also impaired on tests of working memory function that were spared in the…”

“…in investigating various neuropsychiatric conditions (Bechara and Damasio, 2002; Bechara et al., 2001; Best et al., 2002; Blair et al., 2001; Cavedini et al., 2001, 2002; Grant et al., 2000; Mazas et al., 2001; Mintzer and Stitzer, 2002; Mitchell et al., 2002; Petry, 2001; van Honk et al., 2002).”

“Persons with gambling and substance use disorders are more impulsive than their counterparts with neither condition, and those with both disorders have the highest rates of impulsivity (Petry 2001).”

“…show enhanced preference for the smaller immediate rewards and steeper discounting of delayed outcomes (i.e. higher k values), and several studies have described such a tendency in treatment-seeking and community groups with disordered gambling (Petry, 2001 a ; Alessi & Petry, 2003; Dixon et al .”

“Rather, one of the key features of gambling problems is comorbidity with a range of other harmful behaviours or states, such as alcohol use and depression (Becona, Lorenzo, & Fuentes, 1996; Petry, 2001).”

“…2011) Research studies looking at the relationship between gambling and substance use disorders reveal similar performance on personality and neurocognitive assessments of impulsivity, with both groups having high scores on selfreported measures of impulsiveness and sensation seeking (Petry 2001).”

“Like patients with ventral medial frontal lesions, SDI are impaired on the IGT (27–30), although the impairments are less severe (28,30,31).”

“Furthermore, the poor IGT score observed in cocaine abusers and pathological gamblers does not correlate with any aspects of impulsivity as assessed by the BIS-11, unlike the number of commission errors made on the CPT (Petry, 2001; Kjome et al., 2010).”

“…(21 men, Substance dependency (21 men, 20 women) 20 women) 20 men, 20 women 20 men, 20 women 4 415 days 15 days IGT IGT Yes Yes Petry (2001) Petry (2001) Substance use disorder (63 men) Substance use disorder (63 men) 21 men 21 men 0 day 0 day IGT IGT Yes Yes Bechara & Damasio (2002)…”

“Based on previous studies (Bickel et al., 1999; Petry, 2001; Moeller et al., 2002; Brunelle et al., 2004) we also specifically predicted that several raw variables including the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT), Padua Inventory, Barratt Impulsivity Scale 11 (BIS-11) (with ARA scoring higher) and…”

“…provides an index of the temporal devaluation of the delayed reward (Laibson 1997) Greater impulsive choice has been reported in patients with pathological gambling and substance use disorders (Bickel and Marsch 2001; Dixon et al. 2003; Holt et al. 2003; Kirby and Petry 2004; Petry 2001a, b).”

“…with PG, and that these contribute to the development and maintenance of gambling behavior and gambling-related problems, including those noted to be particularly reminiscent of addictive disorders (Bechara, 2003; Ladouceur, 2004; Ladouceur & Walker, 1996; Petry, 2001, 2005; Toneatto, 1999).”

“In recent years, it has become clear that measures of traits labeled “impulsivity” either combine separate constructs, or refer to different constructs altogether (Clarke, 2004; Depue & Collins, 1999; Evendon, 1999; Petry, 2001; Smith et al., 2007; Whiteside & Lynam, 2001).”

“…measures appear to include items tapping multiple constructs (Bagby, Joffe, Parker, & Schuller, 1993; Depue & Collins, 1999; Evenden, 1999; Fischer, Smith, & Cyders, 2008; Petry, 2001; Smith et al., 2007; Whiteside & Lynam, 2001, 2003; Whiteside, Lynam, Miller, & Reynolds, 2005; Zuckerman, 1994).”

“There also appears to be a common link between substance abuse, disordered gambling, and impulsivity, a common trait of ADHD ( Petry 2001 ).”

“Impulsivity is elevated among individuals with gambling disorders (Petry, 2001).”

“Within clinical populations it has been demonstrated that illicit drug abusers score higher than controls on inventories of impulsivity (Allen, Moeller, Rhoades, & Cherek, 1998; Petry, 2001).”

“…ICGT that are very similar to the failures observed for ventromedial prefrontal patients (Bechara, Dolan, Deinberg, Hindes, Anderson, & Nathan, 2001; Grant, Contoreggi, & London, 2000; Mazas, Finn, & Steinmetz, 2000; Petry, 2001; Petry, Bickel, & Arnett, 1998; Schmitt, Brinkley, & Newman, 1999).”

“For example, Petry (2001) examined delay discounting for money and alcohol in three groups: people currently experiencing alcohol use problems, people in recovery from alcohol use problems, and people who had never experienced alcohol use problems.”

“In recent years, several researchers have observed that measures of traits labeled “impulsivity” or “disinhibition” often combine separate constructs or refer to different constructs altogether: These researchers have therefore sought to define and measure the several constructs separately (Depue & Collins, 1999; Even…”

“Partially in response to these issues, several behavioral risk tasks have been developed (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson 1994; Grant, Contoreggi, & London, 2000; Mitchell, 1999; Petry, 2001; Rogers et al., 1999), the most recent of which is the balloon analogue risk task (BART; Lejuez et al., 2002).”

“These diverse conditions appear to share significant overlap in psychological and neurobiological underpinnings [183, 186].”

“…Curtis, & Knoblich, 1991; Moeller & Dougherty, 2002; Moeller et al., 2001; Monterosso, Ehrman, Napier, O’Brien, & Childress, 2001; L. H. Patton, 1995; Petry, 2001) and has been considered as part of a larger externalizing spectrum that shows a clear relationship to substance use and related…”

“The results are also consistent with previous data that related pathological gambling to poor inhibitory control (Goudriaan et al., 2005, 2006; Fuentes et al., 2006; Kertzman et al., 2008; Roca et al., 2008) and delay discounting capacities (Petry, 2001a; Alessi and Petry, 2003).”

“Furthermore, studies reveal that PGs are generally more impulsive than non-PGs (Ledgerwood, Alessi, Phoenix, & Petry, 2009; Petry, 2001; Steel & Blaszczynski, 1998; Vitaro, Arseneault, & Tremblay, 1999).”

“There is ample precedence for the limited convergence among personality and performance measures of impulsivity (e.g., Holt et al. 2003; Petry 2001).”

“The difference in correlation between IGT and BIS-11 in this population compared with our cocaine-dependent sample may result from differences in the presentation of impulsivity, nonplanning and decision-making in these two populations, as well as inclusion of combined- type ADHD in that study.”

“…with previous studies that have assessed decision-making among MDMA users (Moeller et al., 2007) and other drug users (e.g., Bartzokis et al., 2000; Bechara et al., 2001; Grant et al., 2000; Ernst et al., 2003; Petry et al., 1998; Petry, 2001; Stout et al., 2005; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2007).”

“However, previous studies have not shown any significant correlation between selfreported impulsivity and neuropsychological measures on PG (Petry, 2001; Rugle & Melamed, 1993).”

“PGs discounted future, larger rewards in favor of immediate, smaller ones at a rate significantly higher than comparable control participants, a finding that is similar to past studies (Alessi and Petry, 2003; Petry, 2001a; Petry, 2001b; Petry and Casarella, 1999).”

“There appears to be a common link between substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsivity, a common trait of ADHD(Petry, 2001).”

“…tendency to choose small, immediate rewards (drugs or money) over larger, delayed rewards (Kirby, Petry, & Bickel, 1999; Moeller et al., 2002; Petry, 2001; Vuchinich & Simpson, 1998), and discount their drug of choice faster than they do monetary rewards of equal value (Madden, Petry,…”

“Petry has suggested that impulsivity could be conceptualized and measured as a multidimensional construct that includes such behaviours as orientation to the present, diminished ability to delay gratification, behavioural disinhibition, risk taking, sensation seeking, boredom proneness, reward sensitivity, hedonism, a…”

“They appear unable to forego immediate and conspicuous rewards in order to obtain rewards that would be profitable in long-term, and making shortterm choices of questionable utility (e.g., Lorains et al., 2014; Petry, 2001; Wiehler & Peters, 2015).”

“Besides patients with VMedPFC, other impulsive clinical groups, such as psychopaths and substance abusers, also have a tendency to choose the decks that are in the long term disadvantageous (e.g., Blair, Colledge, & Mitchell, 2001; Petry, 2001a, 2001b; Rolls, Hornak, Wade, &M cGrath,1994).”

“…Dougherty, Schmitz, & Swann, 2001), borderline personality disorder (Critchfield, Levy, & Clarkin, 2004; Ferraz et al., 2009), alcohol and drug abuse (Kollins, 2003; Perry & Carroll, 2008), and impulse control disorders such as pathological gambling (Petry, 2001; Steel & Blaszczynski, 1998).”

“…due to the fact that, despite the existence of previous studies which evaluate impulsivity in PG using behavioural tests (Cavedini et al., 2002; Petry, 2001a, b; Petry & Casarella, 1999), and self-administered questionnaires (Allcock & Grace, 1988; Blaszczynski et al., 1997; Carlton &…”

“In substance abuse, the prospect of large positive outcomes (e.g. hedonic effects) appears to outweigh that of negative ones (e.g. drug dependence) in decision-making.”