The subtyping of pathological gambling: A comprehensive review
Abstract
Pathological gamblers (PGs) present with various forms of psychopathology, maladaptive personality traits, and gambling motivations. Some suggest that this variability supports classification of PGs into distinct subtypes. Subtyping models are thought to have implications for understanding pathological gambling (PG) etiology and treatment outcomes. This review evaluates the existing literature on the subtyping of PGs based on psychopathology, personality, and/or motivation for gambling. We conclude that three PG subtypes consistently emerge from the empirical literature, and should be the focus of future study. These subtypes closely parallel the three types of gamblers presented in Blaszczynski and Nower's (2002) conceptual pathways model. We suggest that future investigations on PG subtypes build upon the theoretical framework of the pathways model, but also address the limitations of prior studies.
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Problem gamblers differ with respect to aetiological pathways and other characteristics such as gender, age, impulsivity, anger problems, cravings or urges, readiness to change, gambling motivations, and preferred gambling activities.
“Problem gamblers also differ with respect to aetiological pathways (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002;Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010;Suomi, Dowling, & Jackson, 2014) and other characteristics, such as gender, age, impulsivity, anger problems, cravings or urges, readiness to change, gambling motivations, and preferred gambling activities (Dannon, Lowengrub, Gonopolski, Musin, & Kotler, 2006).”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010
Individuals with anxiety disorders often report gambling to cope, providing an active pathway through which anxiety may lead to problematic gambling and alcohol use as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy.
“Similarly, individuals with anxiety disorders often report gambling to cope, providing an active pathway through which anxiety may lead to problematic gambling and alcohol use as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationReconsidering the roots, structure, and implications of gambling motives: An integrative approach
Barrada, J. R., Navas, J. F., de Lara, C. M. R., Billieux, J., Devos, G., & Perales, J. C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212695 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Thus, for rather transparent reasons, coping motives are associated with severity of gambling disorder (GD) symptoms [9, 10], with a speeded transition from recreational to disordered gambling [11, 12], and with comorbidities in the affective and impulse-control domains [13, 14, 15].”
BackgroundResultPredicting treatment failure in pathological gambling: The role of personality traits
Ramos-Grille, I., Gomà-i-Freixanet, M., Aragay, N., Valero, S., & Vallès, V. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.12.010 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gambling Motives: Do They Explain Cognitive Distortions in Male Poker Gamblers?
Mathieu, S., Barrault, S., Brunault, P., & Varescon, I. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9700-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Several models have been proposed to explain what motivates and animates gamblers; those of Binde (2013) and Milosevic and Ledgerwood (2010), who identified enhancement, coping and social motivation.”
BackgroundDevos, G., Clark, L., Bowden-Jones, H., Grall-Bronnec, M., Challet-Bouju, G., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P., & Billieux, J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.096 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In light of such findings, research devoted to the subtyping of problem gambling has emerged (Blaszczynski and Nower, 2002; Milosevic and Ledgerwood, 2010), and has resulted in important avenues to improve conceptualization, prevention, and treatment of problem gambling.”
BackgroundBücker, L., Bierbrodt, J., Hand, I., Wittekind, C., & Moritz, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198859 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
van den Bos, R., Davies, W., Dellu-Hagedorn, F., Goudriaan, A. E., Granon, S., Homberg, J. R., Rivalan, M., Swendsen, J. D., & Adriani, W. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Indeed, human studes of normal and pathological gambling have used a variety of ethods ranging from epidemiology to laboratory-based experiental protocols (Clark, 2010; Hodgins et al., 2011; van Holst et al., 012a, 2012b; Milosevic and Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundMallorquí-Bagué, N., Tolosa-Sola, I., Fernández-Aranda, F., Granero, R., Fagundo, A., Lozano-Madrid, M., Mestre-Bach, G., Gómez-Peña, M., Aymamí, N., Borrás-González, I., et al. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9724-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Narcissistic implications in gambling disorder: the mediating role of emotion dysregulation
Rogier, G., & Velotti, P. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9759-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Such insight led some authors to differentiate between several subtypes of addicted gamblers (Milosevic and Ledgerwood 2010).”
BackgroundCarbonneau, R., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M. R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13083 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gambling Harm and Crime Careers
May‐Chahal, C., Humphreys, L., Clifton, A., Francis, B. J., & Reith, G. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9612-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Subsequent studies have aimed at finding empirical support for the pathways theory with some success (Turner et al. 2008; Milosevic and Ledgerwood 2010).”
BackgroundHarrigan, K. A., Dixon, M. J., MacLaren, V. V., Collins, K., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2011.26.3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The individual characteristics of some people may make them more responsive to this manipulation and place them at greater risk for pathological gambling (MacLaren, Fugelsang, Harrigan, & Dixon, 2011; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundMüller, K. W., Dreier, M., Beutel, M. E., & Wölfling, K. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Based on previous considerations (Milosevic and Ledgerwood, 2010), we took into consideration the heterogeneity of GD and IA by dividing both clinical entities according to their specific sub-type.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGambling disorder in adolescents: prevalence, new developments, and treatment challenges
Floros, G. D. (2018) · Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s135423 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“47 Those gamblers with high levels of enhancement and coping motives gamble to regulate emotional states.”
Comparison of gambling profiles based on strategic versus non-strategic preferences
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., & Menchón, J. M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.09.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Tabri, N., Wohl, M. J. A., Eddy, K. T., & Thomas, J. J. (2016) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2016.1252414 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The findings for coping are consistent with prior research demonstrating a robust link between coping motives and disordered gambling (e.g. MacLaren et al., 2015; for a review, see Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundResultThe Relationship Between Problem Gambling and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“closely parallel the three pathways presented in the pathways model (Milosevic and Ledgerwood 2010; Suomi et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDevos, G., Challet‐Bouju, G., Burnay, J., Maurage, P., Grall‐Bronnec, M., & Billieux, J. (2016) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2016.1264080 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Several models have been proposed to capture the main motives associated with gambling behaviours (Binde, 2013) and their potential role in the emergence of problematic gambling behaviours (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundA Longitudinal Empirical Investigation of the Pathways Model of Problem Gambling
Allami, Y., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M. R., Carbonneau, R., Lacourse, É., & Tremblay, R. E. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9682-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Schluter, M. G., Kim, H. S. A., Poole, J. C., Hodgins, D. C., McGrath, D. S., Dobson, K. S., & Taveres, H. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.038 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Problem gambling and the five factor model in university students
MacLaren, V. V., Best, L. A., Dixon, M. J., & Harrigan, K. A. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Assessing the Impact of Cue Exposure on Craving to Gamble in University Students
Ashrafioun, L., McCarthy, A., & Rosenberg, H. (2011) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9262-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Consistent with two recently published reviews (MacLaren et al. 2011; Milosevic and Ledgerwood 2010 ) suggesting that problem gamblers manifest specific personality traits, we found that post-cue exposure craving to gamble was moderately correlated with higher emotional instability, lower conscientiousness and lower a…”
BackgroundResultFauth‐Bühler, M., Zois, E., Vollstädt‐Klein, S., Leménager, T., Beutel, M., & Mann, K. F. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.09.008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).”
BackgroundInfluentialInternet Gamblers Differ on Social Variables: A Latent Class Analysis
Khazaal, Y., Chatton, A., Achab, S., Monney, G., Thorens, G., Dufour, M., ZULLINO, D. F., & Rothen, S. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9664-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Resting-state EEG activity related to impulsivity in gambling disorder
Lee, J. Y., Park, S. M., Kim, Y., Kim, D., Choi, S., Kwon, J., & Choi, J.-S. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.055 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“GD is related to various comorbid psychiatric conditions and underlying maladaptive personality traits, such as problematic substance use, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders (Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundPotard, C., Henry, A., Boudoukha, A. H., Courtois, R., Laurent, A., & Lignier, B. (2019) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000245 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gambling-Related completed suicides: a scoping review
Andreeva, M., Audette-Chapdelaine, S., & Brodeur, M. (2022) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2022.2055001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“From a review of the literature on subtypes of individuals with problematic gambling behavior, Milosevic and Ledgerwood (2010), determined that there was significant convergence toward a three subtypes model.”
BackgroundRonzitti, S., Soldini, E., Lutri, V., Smith, N. T., Clerici, M., & Bowden‐Jones, H. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.068 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Recognizing the heterogeneity of gambling behaviors, and whether different subtypes of pathological gamblers exist, has a potential importance for treatment implementation, in keeping with previous research (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
ResultKeough, M., Penniston, T. L., Vilhena-Churchill, N., Bagby, R., & Quilty, L. (2018) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.018 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“T factors for PG (Gupta et al., 2013), although these various risk factors have yet to be fully explored and it has been argued that more research is needed to investigate these complex pathways (see e.g., Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundLedgerwood, D. M., & Milosevic, A. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9426-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“However, there is substantial variability across problem gamblers with regard to the presence of co-occurring psychiatric conditions (Milosevic and Ledgerwood 2010), suggesting that it is important to identify additional factors that may contribute to these co-occurring difficulties.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKim, H. S. A., Poole, J. C., Hodgins, D. C., McGrath, D. S., & Dobson, K. S. (2018) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2018.1455188 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lim, M. S. M., Bowden‐Jones, H., Salinas, M., Price, J., Goodwin, G. M., Geddes, J. R., & Rogers, R. D. (2016) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2016.1212338 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Yokotani, K., Tamura, K., Kaneko, Y., & Kamimura, E. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09887-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gambling motives and symptoms of problem gambling in frequent slots players
MacLaren, V. V., Harrigan, K. A., & Dixon, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2012.27.8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Stinchfield, R. D., Tremblay, J., Steward, T., Mestre‐Bach, G., Lozano‐Madrid, M., Mena-Moreno, T., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00173 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ramos-Grille, I., Gomà-i-Freixanet, M., Aragay, N., Valero, S., & Vallès, V. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0031930 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Clustering of treatment-seeking women with gambling disorder
Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., García-Caro, B., Prever, F., Gavriel‐Fried, B., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Moragas, L., Aymamí, N., et al. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.93 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tiego, J., Löchner, C., Ioannidis, K., Brand, M., Stein, D. J., Yücel, M., Grant, J. E., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2352-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Theories have posited subtypes of behavioral addiction, with some cases characterized by anti-sociality and impulsivity, whilst others are more strongly determined by psychological distress or environmental factors [50].”
BackgroundAllami, Y., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M. R., Carbonneau, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000356 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Given their number and nature, these factors may combine additively or interactively (Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundGambling in adolescence: a narrative review of the last 20 years
Frisone, F., Settineri, S., Sicari, F., & Merlo, E. M. (2020) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2020.1782557 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bristow, L. A., Afifi, T. O., Salmon, S., & Katz, L. Y. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10040-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Role of Prospection in Steep Temporal Reward Discounting in Gambling Addiction
Wiehler, A., Bromberg, U., & Peters, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00112 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Prior research found evidence for subtypes of PG (88, 89), including a subtype summarized as “antisocial impulsivist” [e.”
MethodKurilla, A. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09995-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Studies previously included in the Milosevic and Ledgerwood (2010) review were excluded.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Latent Class Analysis of Pathological-Gambling Criteria Among High School Students
Kong, G., Tsai, J., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., Cavallo, D. A., Hoff, R. A., Steinberg, M. A., Rugle, L. J., & Potenza, M. N. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000074 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Several researchers have sought to distinguish the gambling subtypes to expand the understanding of etiological and clinical significance of PG (see the review by Milosevic and Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundChallet‐Bouju, G., Mariez, J., Perrot, B., Grall‐Bronnec, M., & Chauchard, É. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00277 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Induced sadness increases persistence in a simulated slot machine task among recreational gamblers.
Devos, G., Clark, L., Maurage, P., & Billieux, J. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000364 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Grubbs, J. B., Chapman, H. A., Milner, L. A., Gutierrez, I. A., & Bradley, D. F. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000399 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Granero, R., Valero-Solís, S., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Mena-Moreno, T., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Codina, E., Martín‐Romera, V., Casalé-Salayet, G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…in the psychopathology state, the personality traits and the motivations for gambling) in a comprehensive review of the available empirical literature, and concluded that these profiles were parallel to the three types of gamblers defined in the pathways model (Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundLobo, D. S. S., Quilty, L. C., Martins, S. S., Tavares, H., Vallada, H., Kennedy, J. L., & Bagby, R. M. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Profiles of childhood adversities in pathological gamblers – A latent class analysis
Lotzin, A., Ulas, M., Buth, S., Milin, S., Kalke, J., & Schäfer, I. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.031 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Edgerton, J. D., Keough, M. T., & Roberts, L. W. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9760-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
McGrath, D. S., Barrett, S. P., Stewart, S. H., & McGrath, P. R. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr294 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Altered orbitofrontal sulcogyral patterns in gambling disorder: a multicenter study
Li, Y., Wang, Z., Boileau, I., Dreher, J., Gelskov, S. V., Genauck, A., Joutsa, J., Kaasinen, V., Perales, J. C., Romanczuk‐Seiferth, N., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0520-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gambler Risk Perception: A Mental Model and Grounded Theory Analysis
Spurrier, M., Blaszczynski, A. P., & Rhodes, P. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9439-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Individually varied and context dependent decision making observed here supports research highlighting, both, multiple pathways in and out of problem gambling (LaPlante et al. 2008; Milosevic and Ledgerwood 2010), as well as probable decision making differences among disordered gamblers (Grant et al.”
ResultMyrseth, H., Olsen, O. K., Strand, L. Å., & Borud, E. K. (2017) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000148 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…as the causal agent (Mercer-Lynn et al., 2013), and the experience of boredom is believed to motivate individuals to engage in behaviors that raise arousal levels to escape the negative affect of state boredom (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002; Mercer & Eastwood, 2010; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010).”
BackgroundJáuregui, P., Estévez, A., & Onaindia, J. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Connecting with a Slot Machine: Social Exclusion and Anthropomorphization Increase Gambling
Pancani, L., Riva, P., & Sacchi, S. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9784-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Personality-Based Latent Class Analysis of Emerging Adult Gamblers
Tackett, J. L., Rodriguez, L. M., Rinker, D. V., & Neighbors, C. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9500-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Christensen, D. R., Williams, R. J., & Dei, S. M. O. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09832-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Impulsivity profiles in pathological slot machine gamblers
Aragay, N., Barrios, M., Ramírez-Gendrau, I., Garcia-Caballero, A., Garrido, G., Ramos-Grille, I., Galindo, Y., Martin-Dombrowski, J., & Vallès, V. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.03.008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dowd, D. A., Keough, M. T., Jakobson, L. S., Bolton, J. M., & Edgerton, J. D. (2018) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2018.1520909 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“It has also been argued that problem gamblers are not a homogeneous group (see Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010 for a review).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuroscience in gambling policy and treatment: an interdisciplinary perspective
Yücel, M., Carter, A., Allen, A. R., Balleine, B. W., Clark, L., Dowling, N. A., Gainsbury, S., Goudriaan, A. E., Grant, J. E., Hayes, A. J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30369-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Platelet interaction with bacteria. V. Ultrastructure of congenital afibrinogenemic platelets.
Clawson, C. C., & White, J. G. (1980) · PubMed Central · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clustering Finnish Gambler Profiles Based on the Money and Time Consumed in Gambling Activities
Heiskanen, M., & Toikka, A. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9556-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Windsor (CA)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Milosevic, Aleks
- ORCID
- Ledgerwood, David M.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 988-998
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2143911748
- Semantic Scholar
- efcaf255652cfe9b79700f14e59b4e56e180ced3
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, psychopathology, personality traits, gambling motivation, treatment outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Gambling, Humans, Motivation, Patient Admission, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Risk-Taking, Comorbidity, Substance-Related Disorders
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