From computer ethics and the ethics of AI towards an ethics of digital ecosystems

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A further significant difference between computer ethics and the ethics of AI is that the latter has a much stronger emphasis on the law.

“A further significant difference between computer ethics and the ethics of AI is that the latter has a much stronger emphasis on the law.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The legal emphasis in AI ethics translates into a focus on legislation and regulation as a way of dealing with issues.

“This legal emphasis translates into a focus on legislation and regulation as a way of dealing with these issues, as discussed in the next section.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some topics in computer ethics are less visible, have morphed or moved into different discourses.

“At the same time, some topics are less visible, have morphed or moved into different discourses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some aspects of ownership of data and computer code have become settled practice, such as content ownership administered through subscription models.

“This discussion has changed deeply with some aspects appearing to be settled practice, such as ownership of content now administered through structures that are based on business models that emerged taking into account the competing views on intellectual property.Netflix, iTunes, etc. employ a distribution service and subscription model that appears to satisfy consumers, producers and intermedi”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Both computer ethics and the ethics of AI are highly interdisciplinary and draw from a range of reference disciplines, with strong influence of philosophy and technical disciplines.

“Both computer ethics and the ethics of AI are highly interdisciplinary and draw from a range of reference disciplines.In both cases there is a strong influence of philosophy, which is not surprising given that ethics is a discipline of philosophy.Similarly, there is a strong presence of contributors from technical disciplines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many issues discussed in the ethics of AI are well-established issues of human rights, such as privacy or avoidance of discrimination and physical harm.

“One aspect of this legal emphasis is the recognition that many of the issues discussed in the ethics of AI are well-established issues of human rights, e.g.privacy or the avoidance of discrimination and physical harm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both discourses underline the importance of knowledge, learning and education as conditions of successfully navigating ethical questions.

“Both discourses underline the importance of knowledge, learning and education as conditions of successfully navigating ethical questions [20].”

• cites [20] Borenstein, J., Howard, A.: Emerging challenges in AI and the need for AI ethics education. AI and Ethics (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-020-00002-7 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other aspects of ownership remain highly contested, such as the right to benefit from secondary use of process data.

“Other aspects of ownership remain highly contested, such as the right to benefit from secondary use of process data, which underpins what Zuboff [126] calls surveillance capitalism.”

• cites [126] Zuboff, P. S.: The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (01 edition). Profile Books (2019)Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The reliance on principalism is contested within the biomedical community and has been questioned in the AI field, but remains dominant.

“However, it should be noted that this reliance on principalism [39] is contested within the biomedical community [79] and has been questioned in the AI field [67,92], but at present remains dominant.”

• cites [79] Klitzman, R.: The Ethics Police?: The Struggle to Make Human Research Safe (1 edition). OUP USA (2015)Not checked yet

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• cites [67] Hickok, M.: Lessons learned from AI ethics principles for future actions. AI and Ethics (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-020-00008-1 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [92] Mittelstadt, B.: Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, (2019) https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0114-4 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Ethical, social, human rights and other issues never arise from a technology per se, but result from the use of technologies by humans in societal, organisational and other settings.

“Ethical, social, human rights and other issues never arise from a technology per se, however, but result from the use of technologies by humans in societal, organisational and other setting.”

May combine two claims.

Moor's argument that logical malleability sets computers apart from other artefacts remains a strong argument that also applies to current AI.

“Moor [93] famously proposed that it is the logical malleability, the fact that intended uses are not even foreseen by the designer, that sets computers apart from other artefacts, such as cars or airplanes.This remains a strong argument that also applies to current AI.”

• cites [93] Moor, J.H.: What is computer ethics. Metaphilosophy 16(4), 266–275 (1985) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AI is currently a hype and an academic fashion.

“AI is many things, but it is also currently a hype and an academic fashion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The term 'computer ethics' lost some of its appeal when computing technologies became pervasive and integrated into many other devices.

“The term”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

'AI' as a term is already too broad, covering everything from specific machine learning techniques to fictional artificial general intelligence.

“On the one hand,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI is generally described as having unprecedented impact on most aspects of life, and this narrative is broadly accepted across academia, policy and broader societal discourse.

“AI is generally described as having unprecedented impact on most aspects of life which calls for ethical attention.Notwithstanding the accuracy of this narrative, it is broadly accepted across academia, policy and broader societal discourse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

'AI' as a term is too narrow, excluding many current and emerging technologies that anchor part of its future impact, such as quantum computing, neuromorphic technologies, the Internet of Things, edge computing.

“On the other hand, it is too narrow, given that it excludes many of the current and emerging technologies that anchor part of its future impact, such as quantum computing, neuromorphic technologies, the Internet of Things, edge computing, etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ethics of AI can be seen as a continuation of the computer ethics discourse that has attracted new participants and led to a shift of topics, positions and impact.

“The ethics of AI can be seen as a continuation of the computer ethics discourse that has attracted new participants and led to a shift of topics, positions and impact.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The analysis of the two discourses has outlined that there are notable differences in terms of scope of the discussion, topics and issues, theoretical basis and reference disciplines, solutions and mitigations and expected impacts.

“The analysis of the two discourses has outlined that there are notable differences in terms of scope of the discussion, topics and issues, theoretical basis and reference disciplines, solutions and mitigations and expected impacts.”

May combine two claims.

There is much continuity and overlap between the computer ethics and ethics of AI discourses, and to a significant degree, the ethics of AI discourse is a continuation and extension of the computer ethics discourse.

“However, it has also become clear that there is much continuity and overlap and to a significant degree, the ethics of AI discourse is a continuation and extension of the computer ethics discourse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The distinction between computer ethics and the ethics of AI is not clear-cut but a matter of degree and emphasis.

“A central challenge for this paper is that the distinction between computer ethics and the ethics of AI is not clear-cut, but rather a matter of degree and emphasis.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: One can reasonably and transparently distinguish between the discourses on computer ethics and the ethics of AI.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Despite the fuzziness of the demarcation line, a distinction between computer ethics and the ethics of AI is possible to the point where it allows a meaningful comparison.

“However, despite the fuzziness of the demarcation line, this paper submits that a distinction between these discourses is possible to the point where it allows a meaningful comparison.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: One can reasonably and transparently distinguish between the discourses on computer ethics and the ethics of AI.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The challenges of delimiting computer ethics are mirrored by the challenge of defining the scope of the ethics of AI.

“The challenges of delimiting computer ethics are mirrored by the challenge of defining the scope of the ethics of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Narrow AI aims to fulfil specifically described goals and has been hugely successful in machine learning.

“Narrow AI aims to fulfil specifically described goals.In recent years, it has been hugely successful in the rapidly developing sub-field of machine learning [10]”

• cites [10] Babuta, A., Oswald, M., & Janjeva, A.: Artificial Intelligence and UK National Security—Policy Considerations [Occasional Paper]. Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/ai_national_security_final_web_version.pdf (2020)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

By the 1980s, it was reasonably clear what constituted a computer, so computer ethics spent little time on definitions of underlying technology and focused on ethically problematic characteristics.

“At this time, it was reasonably clear what constituted a computer and the discourse, therefore, spent little time on definitions of underlying technology and instead focused on the ethically problematic characteristics of the technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The ambitions of the 1956 AI proposal remain largely intact for current AI research, but they do not explain why ethics of AI became pervasive from the mid-2010s.

“These ambitions remain largely intact for current AI research, but they do not explain why ethics of AI became a pervasive discourse from the mid-2010s.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The exact scope of both discourses has varied over time.

“The question of the exact scope of both discourses has been the subject of reflection within the discourse itself and has varied over time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The rise of narrow AI/machine learning is widely believed to be due to advances in computing power, algorithm development, and availability of large datasets.

“However, it is widely believed that these well-known technologies came to the fore because of advances in computing power, development of algorithms and the availability of large datasets [21,65].”

• cites [21] Borges, A.F.S., Laurindo, F.J.B., Spínola, M.M., Gonçalves, R.F., Mattos, C.A.: The strategic use of artificial intelligence in the digital era: Systematic literature review and future research directions Int. J. Inf. Manage. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102225 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [65] Hall, W., & Pesenti, J.: Growing the artificial intelligence industry in the UK. Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport and Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/652097/Growing_the_artificial_intelligence_industry_in_the_UK.pdf (2017)Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Technical developments such as miniaturisation, networking, smartphones, social media and e-commerce radically changed the landscape, and by the 2000s the description of something as a computer was no longer useful.

“Further miniaturisation of computer chips, progress in networking, the development of the smartphone as well as the arrival of new applications such as social media and electronic commerce radically changed the landscape.At some point in the 2000s, so many consumer devices had integrated computing devices and capabilities that the description of something as a computer was no longer useful.”

May combine two claims.

Computer ethics is to a large extent an academic topic, whereas the ethics of AI draws much more on contributions from industry, media and policy.

“Where computer ethics is to a large extent an academic topic, the ethics of AI draws much more on contributions from industry, media and policy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The debate on the ethics of AI is more difficult to delineate than the one on computer ethics.

“The debate on the ethics of AI is probably more difficult to delineate than the one on computer ethics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AI is a field of research, generally accepted to be a sub-field of computer science, that developed several themes and bodies of theory pointing to different concepts of AI.

“AI is a field of research, generally accepted to be a sub-field of computer science that developed several themes and bodies of theory, which point to different concepts of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The concept of AI was coined in 1956 in a funding proposal based on the conjecture that every aspect of learning or intelligence can be precisely described so a machine can simulate it.

“The concept of AI was coined in 1956 [88] in a funding proposal that was based on the conjecture that”

• cites [88] McCarthy, J., Minsky, M.L., Rochester, N., Shannon, C.E.: A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, august 31, 1955. AI Mag. 27(4), 12–12 (2006)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The term ethics is used inconsistently, sometimes referring to philosophical discipline and often covering ad hoc social or legal concerns.

“In addition, the term ethics is used inconsistently.It sometimes refers to ethics as a philosophical discipline with references to ethical theories.However, it often covers ad hoc concerns about particular situations or developments that are perceived as morally problematic.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The terminology of computer ethics and the ethics of AI is ambiguous and not used consistently.

“This is exacerbated by the fact that the terminology is ambiguous.”

• Also stated in: § 2.1 Methodology · plain

  “Neither of these terms is used consistently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The topics and issues discussed in computer ethics and the ethics of AI show a high level of consistency, with many computer ethics discussions continued or echoed in AI ethics.

“The topics and issues discussed in computer ethics and the ethics of AI show a high level of consistency.Many of the discussions of computer ethics are continued or echoed in the ethics of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The breadth of the technical scope has important consequences for possible issues arising from the technology.

“This breadth of the technical scope has important consequences for possible issues arising from the technology, as will be discussed below.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The inclusion of narrow and general AI in the discussion means the technical scope of AI ethics is large, including current machine learning technologies and less determined future technologies.

“Notwithstanding the validity of this interpretation, the inclusion of narrow and general AI in the discussion means that its technical scope is large.It includes well-understood current technologies of machine learning with ethically relevant properties (e.g.need for large datasets, opacity of neural networks) as well as less determined future technologies that would display human-like properties.”

May combine two claims.

While there is high continuity in issues and topics, theoretical positions vary greatly between computer ethics and the ethics of AI.

“While there is a high level of continuity in terms of issues and topics, the theoretical positions vary greatly between computer ethics and the ethics of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Artificial general intelligence remains contested as to whether it is achievable and whether it could be done using current technological principles.

“It remains contested whether artificial general intelligence is achievable and, even if so, whether it could be done using current technological principles (i.e.digital computers and Turing machines) [56].”

• cites [56] L. Floridi (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics. Cambridge University Press (2010) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The computer ethics discourse had a strong stream on ownership of data and computer code emphasizing the communal nature of intellectual property.

“The computer ethics discourse, for example, had a strong stream of discussion of ownership of data and computer code with a heavy emphasis on the communal nature of intellectual property.”

May combine two claims.

Academia, policy and general discussions follow the technology hype cycle, and attention to technologies, management models and research approaches have characteristics of fashion cycles.

“This is not to deny its importance but a recognition that academia, like policy and general discussions follow the technology hype cycle [52] and attention to technologies, management models and research approaches have characteristics of fashion cycles [1,12].”

• cites [52] Fenn, J., & Lehong, H.: Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies. Gartner. http://www.gartner.com/technology/research/hype-cycles/index.jsp (2011)Not checked yet

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• cites [1] Abrahamson, E.: Management fashion. Acad. Manag. Rev. 21(1), 254–285 (1996) sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [12] Baskerville, R. L., & Myers, M. D.: Fashion waves in information systems research and practice. Mis Quarterly, 647–662 (2009) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

A similar fate is likely to befall AI, or may already have done so.

“A similar fate is likely to befall AI, or may already have done so.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

By reviewing computer ethics and the ethics of AI, one can draw conclusions about relevant features of the next discourse after the ethics of AI.

“More importantly, by reviewing them, one can draw conclusions about relevant features of the next discourse, the one we can reasonably expect to follow after the ethics of AI.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The ethics of AI discourse is not the final step in the discussion.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A better understanding of ethical issues can be achieved by taking seriously the systems nature of digital technologies.

“It argues that a better understanding of ethical issues can be achieved by taking seriously the systems nature of digital technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

An understanding of the similarities and differences of the discourses can benefit the respective discourses individually.

“The paper argues that an understanding of the similarities and differences of the discourses can benefit the respective discourses individually.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is reasonable to expect that the current focus on AI will peak and be replaced by another topic of debate.

“It is, therefore, reasonable to expect that the current focus on AI will peak and be replaced by another topic of debate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A discussion of the ethics of digital ecosystems can build on and benefit from a more detailed understanding of computer ethics and the ethics of AI.

“Such a discussion can build on and benefit from a more detailed understanding of its predecessors in computer ethics and the ethics of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

By moving away from an artefact and looking at the ethics of digital ecosystems, it may be possible to proactively engage with novel and emerging technologies while the exact terminology to describe them is still being developed.

“By moving away from an artefact and looking at the ethics of digital ecosystems, it may be possible to proactively engage with novel and emerging technologies while the exact terminology to describe them is still being developed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This would allow paying attention early to the ethical aspects of such technologies.

“This would allow for paying attention early to the ethical aspects of such technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

A broadening of the disciplines and fields involved suggests that the range of theoretical perspectives is also likely to increase.

“Such a broadening of the disciplines and fields involved suggests that the range of theoretical perspectives is also likely to increase.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Security, safety and reliability of any future socio-technical system are similarly a good bet in terms of future relevance.

“Security, safety and reliability of any future socio-technical system are similarly a good bet in terms of future relevance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The move away from the artefact focus towards the socio-technical ecosystem does not invalidate approaches such as value-sensitive design or ethics by design but clearly shows that the broader context needs to be included, thus opening up the discussion for regulation, legislation, democratic participation, societal debate as means to shape innovation ecosystems.

“The move away from the artefact focus towards the socio-technical ecosystem does not invalidate such approaches but clearly shows that the broader context needs to be included, thus opening up the discussion for regulation, legislation, democratic participation, societal debate as means to shape innovation ecosystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

By calling for this shift of the debate, the paper provides the basis for such a shift and can help shape current debates in this direction.

“By calling for this shift of the debate, the paper provides the basis for such a shift and can help shape current debates in this direction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The benefit of using a digital ecosystems-based approach is that it moves away from a particular technology and opens the view to the way in which technical developments interact with social developments, broadening the view to encompass application areas, social structures, societal environments as well as technical affordances.

“The benefit of using such a digital ecosystems-based approach is that it moves away from a particular technology and opens the view to the way in which technical developments interact with social developments, which broadens the view to encompass application areas, social structures societal environments as well as technical affordances.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The discussion of the ethics of AI is already visibly reaching its limitations, for example by including numerous ethical issues that are not unique to AI.

“At the same time it is already visibly reaching its limitations, for example by including numerous ethical issues that are not unique to AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

An ethical analysis of digital ecosystems will need to delineate the systems which will be required to determine the capabilities of these ecosystems.

“An ethical analysis of digital ecosystems will need to delineate the systems which will be required to determine the capabilities of these ecosystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Participants of the computer ethics discourse who have not followed the ethics of AI debate can find insights with regards to current topics and issues, e.g. the broader socio-economic debates that surround AI.

“However, participants of the computer ethics discourse who have not followed the ethics of AI debate can find insights with regards to current topics and issues, e.g. the broader socio-economic debates that surround AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is legitimate to draw a dividing line between the computer ethics and ethics of AI discourses.

“It is, thus, legitimate to draw a dividing line between the two discourses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Innovation ecosystem research is done in fields like business studies and information systems, which have much to contribute, but have traditionally had limited visibility in computer ethics and ethics of AI.

“Innovation ecosystem research is done in fields like business studies and information systems, which have much to contribute, but have traditionally had limited visibility in computer ethics and ethics of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In order for the discussion to remain specific and allow the flexibility to react to future developments, it will need to reconsider its underpinnings.

“In order for the discussion to remain specific and allow the flexibility to react to future developments, it will need to reconsider its underpinnings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Making use of this perspective for the current ethics of AI debate would have the great benefit that the question of adequately defining AI loses its urgency.

“Making use of this perspective for the current ethics of AI debate would have the great benefit that the question of adequately defining AI loses its urgency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The exact insights to be gained from the review of the two discourses clearly depends on the prior knowledge of the observer.

“The exact insights to be gained from the review of the two discourses clearly depends on the prior knowledge of the observer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Taking the perspective of the ethics of digital ecosystems moves beyond individual technologies and allows keeping track of and continuing established ethical discussions.

“Taking this perspective, which might be called the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A new entrant to the ethics of AI debate may benefit from an appreciation of computer ethics by realising that many of the topics have a decade long history and that there are numerous ethical positions and mitigation structures that have been well established and do not need to be reinvented.

“Similarly a new entrant to the ethics of AI debate may benefit from an appreciation of computer ethics by realising that many of the topics have a decade long history that there are numerous ethical positions and mitigation structures that have been well established and do not need to be reinvented.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A broader range of theories is likely to be applied, including systems theories, theories from business and organisational studies as well as the literature on innovation ecosystems.

“However, a broader range of theories is likely to be applied, including systems theories, theories from business and organisational studies as well as the literature on innovation ecosystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The shift of the debate and the attention to the ethics of innovation ecosystem will not be a panacea.

“This shift of the debate and the attention to the ethics of innovation ecosystem will not be a panacea.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The innovation ecosystems construct is just an umbrella term underneath which there will be many specific innovation ecosystems, which means that the attention to the empirical realisation of such systems will need to grow.

“The innovation ecosystems construct is also just an umbrella term underneath which there will be many specific innovation ecosystems, which means that the attention to the empirical realisation of such systems will need to grow.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The move beyond the ethics of AI towards an ethics of digital innovation ecosystems will further broaden the disciplines and stakeholder groups involved in the discussion.

“The move beyond the ethics of AI towards an ethics of digital innovation ecosystems will further broaden the disciplines and stakeholder groups involved in the discussion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It is a safe bet that whatever the next technological hype will be, it will continue at least some trends from the past and that the corresponding ethical debates will remain valid.

“Whatever the next technological hype will be, it is a safe bet that it will continue at least some trends from the past and that the corresponding ethical debates will remain valid.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The change of perspective towards digital ecosystems can strengthen the plausibility and relevance of some of the current topics of debate.

“The change of perspective towards digital ecosystems can, thus, strengthen the plausibility and relevance of some of the current topics of debate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The shift of the topic from computing or AI gives the discourse of ethics of digital innovation ecosystems the flexibility to accommodate existing and emerging technologies from quantum computing to IoT without requiring a major shift of the debate.

“The shift of the topic from computing or AI gives this discourse the flexibility to accommodate existing and emerging technologies from quantum computing to IoT without requiring a major shift of the debate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Questions of political participation, economic justice or human autonomy are much more easily understood as aspects of socio-technical systems than as intrinsically linked to a particular technology.

“Questions of political participation, economic justice or human autonomy are much more easily understood as aspects of socio-technical systems than as intrinsically linked to a particular technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Technologies unfold their ethical benefits and problems when deployed and used in the context of socio-technical systems.

“Technologies unfold their ethical benefits and problems when deployed and used in the context of socio-technical systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This discourse has developed a rich set of theoretical positions, substantive insights and methodologies that can be used to understand specific sociotechnical systems.

“This discourse is of interest to this paper because it has developed a rich set of theoretical positions, substantive insights and methodologies that can be used to understand specific sociotechnical systems.”

• cites [5] Adner, R.: Match your innovation strategy to your innovation ecosystem. Harv. Bus. Rev. 84(4), 98–107 (2006)Not checked yet

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• cites [61] Gomes, L. A. de V., Facin, A. L. F., Salerno, M. S., & Ikenami, R. K.: Unpacking the innovation ecosystem construct: Evolution, gaps and trends. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136, 30–48 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.11.009 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [95] Moore, J.F.: Predators and prey: A new ecology of competition. Harv. Bus. Rev. 71(3), 75–86 (1993)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There has been very little emphasis in this discourse on the ethical and normative aspects of these ecosystems.

“At the same time, there has been very little emphasis in this discourse on the ethical and normative aspects of these ecosystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is less the affordances of a technology per se, but the way in which those affordances evolve in practical contexts that are of interest to ethical reflection.

“It is less the affordances of a technology per se, but the way in which those affordances evolve in practical contexts that are of interest to ethical reflection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The need for a delimitation of the subject of debate will remain, which means that the exact content or membership of an innovation ecosystem that raises ethical questions will remain.

“The need for a delimitation of the subject of debate will remain, which means that the exact content or membership of an innovation ecosystem that raises ethical questions will remain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There are numerous ways in which these socio-technical systems can be described, and the concept of innovation ecosystems may offer one suitable approach.

“There are numerous ways in which these socio-technical systems can be described, and this paper has proposed that the concept of innovation ecosystems may offer one suitable approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The emphasis on a particular technology or family of technologies, be this computers or AI, is not particularly helpful.

“This part of the paper is driven by the recognition that the emphasis on a particular technology or family of technologies, be this computers or AI, is not particularly helpful.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The perspective of digital ecosystems can be employed right now and used to better understand the ethics of AI or computing more generally.

“This is a perspective that can be employed right now and used to better understand the ethics of AI or computing more generally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Systems-based approaches raise questions of individual agency and the locus of ethics, which the dominant ethical theories may find difficult to answer.

“Systems-based approaches raise questions of individual agency and the locus of ethics, which the dominant ethical theories may find difficult to answer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

By focusing on digital innovation ecosystems, the breadth of possible mitigation strategy automatically increases.

“By focusing on digital innovation ecosystems, the breadth of possible mitigation strategy automatically increases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In computer ethics or ethics of AI, the focus is on technical artefacts and there is a temptation to link ethical issues as well as responses to these issues to the artefacts themselves.

“In computer ethics or ethics of AI, the focus is on technical artefacts and there is a temptation to link ethical issues as well as responses to these issues to the artefacts themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It is plausible that future digital technologies will make use of, analyse and produce personal data, hence continuing the need for considerations of privacy and data protection.

“For example, it is plausible that future digital technologies will make use of, analyse and produce personal data, hence continuing the need for considerations of privacy and data protection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Actual ethical concerns are affected by all of these different factors and the dynamics of their relationships.

“Actual ethical concerns are affected by all of these different factors and the dynamics of their relationships.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The key question then becomes how socio-technical innovation ecosystems develop, which is a question that is open to the inclusion of other types of technology from quantum computing to well-established computational and other technological artefacts.

“The key question then becomes how socio-technical innovation ecosystems develop, which is a question that is open to the inclusion of other types of technology from quantum computing to wellestablished computational and other technological artefacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The move towards digital innovation ecosystems makes it clear that additional perspectives will be required to get a full understanding of potential problems and solutions.

“However, the move towards digital innovation ecosystems makes it clear that additional perspectives will be required to get a full understanding of potential problems and solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Doing so will ensure that many of the lessons that have been learned over years and decades of working on the ethics of computing and AI will remain present and relevant, and that there is a well-established starting point from which we can engage with the next generations of digital technologies to ensure that their creation and use benefit humanity.

“Doing so will ensure that many of the lessons that have been learned over years and decades of working on the ethics of computing and AI will remain present and relevant, and that there is a well-established starting point from which we can engage with the next generations of digital technologies to ensure that their creation and use benefit humanity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Participants of the computer ethics discourse can benefit from an understanding of how biomedical principalism is being applied to AI, which may offer avenues of impact, solutions and mitigations that computer ethics tended to struggle with.

“They can similarly benefit from an understanding of how biomedical principalism is being applied to AI, which may offer avenues of impact, solutions and mitigations that computer ethics tended to struggle with.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The discourse of ethics of digital innovation ecosystems will require a more focused attention to the social side of innovation ecosystems, which means that aspects like application area and the local and cultural context of use will figure prominently.

“Maybe more importantly, it will require a more focused attention to the social side of innovation ecosystems, which means that aspects like application area and the local and cultural context of use will figure prominently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The focus on broader innovation ecosystem means that many of the currently discussed topics can be better framed as relevant topics of discussion.

“The focus on broader innovation ecosystem furthermore means that many of the currently discussed topics can be better framed as relevant topics of discussion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The capabilities of digital ecosystems will be what gives rise to possible social applications and the resulting benefits and concerns.

“The capabilities, in turn will be what gives rise to possible social applications and the resulting benefits and concerns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Traditional theories of philosophical ethics will doubtlessly remain relevant and the focus on mid-level principles that the ethics of AI has promoted are similarly likely to remain important for guiding ethical reflection.

“Traditional theories of philosophical ethics will doubtlessly remain relevant and the focus on mid-level principles that the ethics of AI has promoted are similarly likely to remain important for guiding ethical reflection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The currently ubiquitous discussion of the ethics of AI will continue for the foreseeable future.

“The currently ubiquitous discussion of the ethics of AI will continue for the foreseeable future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The ethics of AI may otherwise be locked into mitigation strategies ranging from legislation and regulation to standardisation and organisational practice with a focus on the concept of AI, which may misdirect efforts away from the areas of greatest need.

“This is particularly necessary with regards to the ethics of AI, which otherwise may be locked into mitigation strategies ranging from legislation and regulation to standardisation and organisational practice with a focus on the concept of AI, which may misdirect efforts away from the areas of greatest need.”