The differential effects of inductions of worry, somatic anxiety, and depression on emotional experience
Abstract
One-hundred and twenty-eight subjects underwent inductions of emotions designed to elicit worrisome, depressed, somatically anxious, or neutral emotional states, and then they completed the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist. Induction of worry was found to produce (a) moderate degrees of both anxiety and depression, (b) emotional profiles more highly correlated with those of depression and somatic anxiety than the correlation of depression and somatic anxiety profiles with each other, and (c) a subjective state containing no unique emotional features separate from that induced in depression and somatic anxiety. Whereas a discriminant function analysis correctly classified 70-85% of the subjects in the other three conditions, subjects who underwent the induction of worry were correctly classified at only chance level.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Laboratory worry inductions lead to elevated subjective ratings of negative emotion, including both anxious and depressive responses.
“Moreover, in exploring a direct causal role of worry, laboratory worry inductions have been found to lead to elevated subjective ratings of negative emotion (Borkovec & Inz, 1990; Borkovec et al., 1983; Borkovec et al., 1993; Hofmann et al., 2005; Llera & Newman, 2010a; Stapinski et al., 2010), including both anxious and depressive responses (Andrews & Borkovec, 1988).”
From A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry (2011) · cites this paper as Andrews & Borkovec, 1988
Laboratory inductions of worry show that it elicits both anxiety and depression in nearly equal amounts.
“Moreover, laboratory inductions of worry show that it elicits both anxiety and depression in nearly equal amounts (Andrews & Borkovec, 1988).”
From A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry (2011) · cites this paper as Andrews & Borkovec, 1988
Cites
Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes
Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · see citing works
Self-citationConstructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421 · see citing works
The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00092-4 · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018790003416 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
Moran, T. P. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000051 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
“…have been found to lead to elevated subjective ratings of negative emotion (Borkovec & Inz, 1990; Borkovec et al., 1983; Borkovec et al., 1993; Hofmann et al., 2005; Llera & Newman, 2010a; Stapinski et al., 2010), including both anxious and depressive responses (Andrews & Borkovec, 1988).”
BackgroundExperimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: a study of a theoretical model of worry
Ladouceur, R., Gosselin, P., & Dugas, M. J. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00133-3 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.
McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Behar, E., Alcaine, O., Zuellig, A. R., & Borkovec, T. D. (2003) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(03)00004-1 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Self-citationFear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: Preliminary tests of a conceptual model
Roemer, L., Salters, K., Raffa, S. D., & Orsillo, S. M. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1650-2 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Distinguishing dimensions of anxiety and depression
Nitschke, J. B., Heller, W., Imig, J. C., McDonald, R. P., & Miller, G. A. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026485530405 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Ruscio, A. M., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., Hallion, L. S., Coleman, E. S., & Swendsen, J. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000025 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Life in the future versus life in the present
Borkovec, T. D. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.1.76 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Cognitive Avoidance Theory of Worry
Sibrava, N. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2006) · Worry and its Psychological Disorders · doi:10.1002/9780470713143.ch14 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationTopper, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Watkins, E., & Ehring, T. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12052 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Kertz, S. J., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Rosmarin, D. H., & Björgvinsson, T. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.005 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Zainal, N. H., Shin, K. E., Szkodny, L. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619827019 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ballesio, A., Bacaro, V., Vacca, M., Chirico, A., Lucidi, F., Riemann, D., Baglioni, C., & Lombardo, C. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101378 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Borkovec, T. D., & Newman, M. G. (1998) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00201-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of worry and somatic anxiety induction on thoughts, emotion and physiological activity
York, D., Borkovec, T. D., Vasey, M., & Stern, R. (1987) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(87)90060-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationDavey, G. C. L., & Matchett, G. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.708 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression, and the content of worries
Diefenbach, G. J., McCarthy-Larzelere, M. E., Williamson, D. A., Mathews, A., Manguno-Mire, G. M., & Bentz, B. G. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1075 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cortical organization of inhibition-related functions and modulation by psychopathology
Warren, S. L., Crocker, L. D., Spielberg, J. M., Engels, A. S., Banich, M. T., Sutton, B. P., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00271 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Lewis, E. J., Blanco, I., Raila, H., & Joormann, J. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000535 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Worries and concerns of patients with multiple sclerosis: development of an assessment scale
Thornton, E. W., Tedman, S., Rigby, S., Bashforth, H., & Young, C. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/135248506ms1273oa · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dickens, C., Coventry, P., Khara, A., Bower, P., Mansell, W., & Bakerly, N. D. (2012) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/1742395311433058 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stevens, E. S., Jendrusina, A. A., Sarapas, C., & Behar, E. (2014) · The Wiley Handbook of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch21 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Andrews, V. H., & Borkovec, T. D.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Borkovec, T.D.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-26
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2056535688
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-39172)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- somatic anxiety, depression, emotional experience, emotion induction, affective profiles, Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cognition, Conditioning, Psychological, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Models, Psychological, Personality Inventory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
