The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.

McLaughlin, Katie A.; Borkovec, Thomas D.; Sibrava, Nicholas J.

doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003

Cited by 480Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMind wandering and attentionPsychological Treatments and Assessments

The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.

McLaughlin, Katie A., Borkovec, Thomas D., Sibrava, Nicholas J.·2007·Behavior Therapy

DOI 10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003

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Abstract

The effects of worry and rumination on affective states and mentation type were examined in an unselected undergraduate sample in Study 1 and in a sample of individuals with high trait worry and rumination, high rumination, and low worry/rumination in Study 2. Participants engaged in worry and rumination inductions, counterbalanced in order across participants to assess main and interactive effects of these types of negative thinking. During mentation periods, the thought vs. imaginal nature and the temporal orientation of mentations were assessed 5 times. Following mentation periods, negative and positive affect, relaxation, anxiety, and depression were assessed. Both worry and rumination produced increases in negative affect and decreases in positive affect. Worry tended to generate greater anxiety, and rumination tended to generate greater depression. Interactive effects were also found indicating that worry may lessen the anxiety experienced during subsequent rumination. Moreover, worry lessened the depressing effects of rumination. Worry was associated with significantly greater thought than imagery, compared to rumination. Rumination involved a progression from mentation about the past to mentation about the future over time. Implications for understanding the generation of negative affect and comorbid anxiety and depression are discussed.

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Major depressive disorder is characterized by rumination, which is hypothesized to serve an experiential avoidance function similar to worry.
“MDD is characterized by rumination, which is hypothesized to serve a similar function to that of worry (i.e., experiential avoidance; McLaughlin, Borkovec, & Sibrava, 2007).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders (2013) · cites this paper as McLaughlin, Borkovec, & Sibrava, 2007
Tendency to chain catastrophic thoughts in an unproductive and repetitive way intensifies anxiety and hampers the solution-finding process.
“Tendency to chain catastrophic thoughts in an unproductive and repetitive way intensifies anxiety and hampers the solution-finding process (Hong, 2007; McLaughlin et al., 2007; Ryum et al., 2017).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Tendency to Worry as Mediators Between Trust in Institutions and Social Support and Fear of Coronavirus and Consequences of the Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2007

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“One pathway, suggested by experimental research (Andrews & Borkovec, 1988; McLaughlin et al., 2007), is that rumination directly increases the negative emotions and symptoms that are central to emotional disorders.”
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Authors: McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author: McLaughlin, Katie A.
ORCID: McLaughlin, Katie A.
Sibrava, Nicholas J.
Venue: Behavior Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-03
Volume: 38
Issue: 1
Pages: 23-38
ISSN: 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003
OpenAlex: W2046053304
Cited by: 480
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 11.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH076550, MH-58593, R01MH058593)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: worry, rumination, negative affect, positive affect, anxiety, depression, trait worry, rumination induction, comorbid depression and anxiety, affective states
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Attitude, Cognition, Depression, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Thinking, Time Perception, Comorbidity, Expressed Emotion

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The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.

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