The Effects of Worry in Daily Life: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Supporting the Tenets of the Contrast Avoidance Model
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The contrast avoidance model (CAM) suggests that worry increases and sustains negative emotion to prevent a negative emotional contrast (sharp upward shift in negative emotion) and increase the probability of a positive contrast (shift toward positive emotion). In Study 1, we experimentally validated momentary assessment items ( N = 25). In Study 2, participants with generalized anxiety disorder ( N = 31) and controls ( N = 37) were prompted once per hour regarding their worry, thought valence, and arousal 10 times a day for 8 days. Higher worry duration, negative thought valence, and uncontrollable train of thoughts predicted feeling more keyed up concurrently and sustained anxious activation 1 hr later. More worry, feeling keyed up, and uncontrollable train of thoughts predicted lower likelihood of a negative emotional contrast in thought valence and higher likelihood of a positive emotional contrast in thought valence 1 hr later. Findings support the prospective ecological validity of CAM. Our findings suggest that naturalistic worry reduces the likelihood of a sharp increase in negative affect and does so by increasing and sustaining anxious activation.
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Using ecological momentary assessment, worry at a given moment predicted sustained arousal and reduced negative emotional contrast one hour later.
“Using an ecological momentary assessment paradigm, another study showed that worry at a given moment predicted sustained arousal and reduced NEC one hour later [113].”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts (2022) · cites this paper as [113]
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Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102674 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationStratification of individuals with lifetime depression and low wellbeing in the UK Biobank
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Clayton, M., Renna, M. E., Klemanski, D. H., Kerns, C. E., McLaughlin, K. A., & Mennin, D. S. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10339-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rosen, F. N., & LaFreniere, L. S. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102724 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Llera, S. J., Shin, K., Erickson, T., Przeworski, A., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00213-2
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Kalokerinos, E. K., Moeck, E. K., Rummens, K., Meers, K., & Mestdagh, M. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12787 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effects of worry proneness on diurnal anxiety: An ecological momentary assessment approach
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Tan, P. Z., Bylsma, L. M., Silk, J. S., Siegle, G. J., Forbes, E. E., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.06.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Introduction to a special issue on the contrast avoidance model
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Adamis, A. M., Jessup, S. C., Cole, D. A., & Olatunji, B. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2386124 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1750 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Swisher, V., & Newman, M. G. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120530 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality and Individual Differences
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kramer, A. C., Neubauer, A. B., Leonhardt, A., Brose, A., Dirk, J., & Schmiedek, F. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hgy9b · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Baik, S. Y., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00264-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDeGennaro, P., Blendermann, M., Alberts, B., Silk, J. S., Gianaros, P. J., & Hallion, L. S. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102987 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shepherd, W. S., Schadegg, M., & Dixon, L. J. (2025) · Psychiatric quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10160-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bogaert, L., Segura‐Vargas, M. A., Dunn, B., Hallford, D. J., Newman, M. G., & Raes, F. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Schwob, J. T., & Newman, M. G. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103160 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Messung interindividueller Unterschiede in der Emotionsregulation
Holt, D. V., Aguilar‐Raab, C., & Pruessner, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60280-5_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Funkhouser, C. J., Katz, A. C., Meissel, E. E. E., Stevens, E. S., Weinberg, A., Nabb, C. B., & Shankman, S. A. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00121-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koch, T., Liedl, A., Takano, K., & Ehring, T. W. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10274-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social Interaction and Interpersonal Relationships
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Kalokerinos, E. K., Moeck, E. K., Rummens, K., Meers, K., & Mestdagh, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zdtre · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Solovey, G., Usaj, A. R., Picco, S., Sued, M., Noste, M. E. S., Bavassi, L., Pedreira, M. E., & Fernández, R. S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/at4r2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Chinese Version of the Contrast Avoidance QuestionnairesPreprint
Zhang, J., Llera, S. J., Zhong, H., Tang, M., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4646255 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEllis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.008
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.001
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.004
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.002
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.009
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.007
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408.010
Barber, K. E., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3971392
Self-citationContrast Avoidance and General Anxiety Disorder: Theory and Assessment
Xie, Y. (2023) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ehss.v22i.13069
SUMBER DAYA RESILIENSI PEMILIK USAHA DALAM MENGHADAPI PANDEMI COVID-19
Rembulan, C. L., Rahmawati, K. D., Eunike, P., & Sari, T. P. (2023) · PERFORMA · doi:10.37715/jp.v8i2.3586
Myers, N. S., Ojalehto, H. J., Tadross, M. E., DuBois, C. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2024-0006
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Solovey, G., Usaj, A. R., Picco, S., Berón, J. C., Sued, M., Noste, M. E. S., Bavassi, L., Pedreira, M. E., & Fernández, R. S. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01282-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validation of the state-brief-penn state worry questionnaire
Koscinski, B., Sánchez, C. M., & Allan, N. P. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.005
Park, H. J., & MacNamara, A. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70083
Llera, S. J., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103109
Self-citationValidation of the Chinese version of the Contrast Avoidance Questionnaires
Zhang, J., Llera, S. J., Tang, M., Zhong, H., & Newman, M. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1643139
Self-citationSleep, mood, and binge eating: Evidence from a student sample
Martinelli, C., & Spanò, G. (2026) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2026.102092
Ogawa, S. (2026) · Research in Neurodiversity · doi:10.1016/j.rin.2026.100051
Gérardy, M., Bogaert, L., Newman, M. G., Hallford, D. J., & Raes, F. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105116
Self-citation
- Authors
- Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Zainal, N. H., Shin, K. E., Szkodny, L. E., & Sliwinski, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Newman, Michelle G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 794-810
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- PMC
- PMC6675025
- OpenAlex
- W2918785654
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 14.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- pennsylvania state university
- national science foundation (1110970)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- worry, generalized anxiety disorder, negative affect, arousal, momentary assessment, ecological validity, daily life emotions
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