Neuroendocrine effects of light therapy in late luteal phase dysphoric disorder
Abstract
In 20 late luteal phase dysphoric disorder (LLPDD) and in 11 normal control (NC) subjects, circadian profiles of cortisol, prolactin, thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH), and core body temperature were measured during midfollicular (MF) and late luteal (LL) menstrual cycle phases and after 1 week of light therapy either with (1) bright (tau 2500 lux) white morning (6:30 AM to 8:30 AM), (2) bright white evening (7 PM to 9 PM) or (3) dim (< 10 lux) red evening light, randomly administered in three separate luteal phases. In NC but not PMDD subjects, the cortisol peak significantly delayed in the LL compared with the MF phase. In PMDD, prolactin peak and amplitude were higher, prolactin acrophase earlier, and temperature amplitude higher during both the MF and LL phases. After light treatment, prolactin amplitude remained higher in LLPDD than in controls. In both groups, bright light shifted the cortisol acrophase, and AM light increased the prolactin nadir. Bright PM light increased the TSH nadir in LLPDD, but decreased it in controls. Thus, menstrual cycle phase, diagnosis, and light therapy may differentially affect neuroendocrine systems.
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The circadian variation of cortisol in healthy women was found to be phase-delayed by about 1 hour, phase-advanced by about 1 hour, or decreased in amplitude during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.
“The circadian variation of cortisol in healthy women was found to be phase-delayed by ~1 hour [63], phase-advanced by ~1 hour [68] or decreased in amplitude [37] during the LP compared to the FP.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [63]
Throughout the menstrual cycle, PRL peak is higher in PMDD patients compared to controls.
“Throughout the menstrual cycle, amplitude and peak of PRL were higher in PMDD patients compared to controls [63, 64], with a phase-advanced acrophase also detected in these women [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [63]
In one study, PMDD patients showed a tendency for a phase-advance of the cortisol rhythm during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase.
“In one study, PMDD patients showed a tendency for a phase-advance of the cortisol rhythm during the LP compared to the FP [63], whereas in another, it was delayed by ~1 hour in the late-LP compared to the mid-FP in healthy controls but unchanged in PMDD women [68].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [63]
In the studies of TSH and PRL, sleep patterns and light-dark exposure were controlled for and stabilized.
“In both of these studies, sleep patterns and light-dark exposure were controlled for and stabilized.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [63]
Throughout the menstrual cycle, PRL amplitude is higher in PMDD patients compared to controls.
“Throughout the menstrual cycle, amplitude and peak of PRL were higher in PMDD patients compared to controls [63, 64], with a phase-advanced acrophase also detected in these women [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [63]
Bright evening light therapy increases TSH nadir in PMDD patients during the luteal phase.
“This improvement may be achieved via a resynchronization or phase-shift of biological rhythms, since, compared to neutral-dim red light, bright evening light therapy was shown to delay the onset and offset of melatonin [65], increase the midpoint concentration of melatonin [65], delay cortisol acrophase [63], and increase TSH nadir [63] in PMDD patients during the LP.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [63]
Bright evening light therapy delays cortisol acrophase in PMDD patients during the luteal phase.
“This improvement may be achieved via a resynchronization or phase-shift of biological rhythms, since, compared to neutral-dim red light, bright evening light therapy was shown to delay the onset and offset of melatonin [65], increase the midpoint concentration of melatonin [65], delay cortisol acrophase [63], and increase TSH nadir [63] in PMDD patients during the LP.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Parry, B. L., Hauger, R., Lin, E., LeVeau, B., Mostofi, N., Clopton, P. L., & Gillin, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parry, Barbara L.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-09
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 356-364
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2099299350
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH30914-14, R29MH4283)
- National Center for Research Resources (M-01RR00827, M01RR000827)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Keywords
- phototherapy, late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, neuroendocrine effects, cortisol, prolactin, core body temperature, circadian rhythm, menstrual cycle phases, bright light exposure
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Body Temperature Regulation, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Luteal Phase, Middle Aged, Neurosecretory Systems, Personality Assessment, Phototherapy, Premenstrual Syndrome, Prolactin, Thyrotropin
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