Circadian rhythms of prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle and early versus late sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Abstract
The present study extended previous work by examining whether disturbances in the circadian rhythms of prolactin (PRL) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) distinguish patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) from normal volunteers. In addition, the effects of therapeutic interventions with early and late partial sleep deprivation were explored. Both PRL and TSH levels were measured every 30 min from 18:00 h to 09:00 h during midfollicular and late luteal menstrual cycle phases in 23 PMDD patients and 18 normal volunteers. Hormone levels were measured again after a randomized crossover trial of early (sleep 03:00-07:00 h) versus late (sleep 21:00-01:00 h) partial sleep deprivation administered in two separate luteal phases. Compared with normal volunteers, PMDD patients had higher PRL concentrations, consistent with previous findings. TSH rhythms occurred earlier in PMDD than in normal subjects. PRL levels decreased and TSH levels increased with sleep deprivation compared with baseline conditions. The timing of PRL secretion shifted earlier with late sleep deprivation and later with early sleep deprivation. Although circadian disturbances of PRL and TSH were found in PMDD patients compared with normal volunteers, the therapeutic effects of early and late sleep deprivation do not appear to be mediated by correcting these disturbances.
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Prolactin showed either a trend for increased amplitude during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase or no change across the menstrual cycle.
“PRL showed either a trend for increased amplitude during the LP compared to the FP [64] or no change across the menstrual cycle [60].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
In the studies of TSH and PRL, sleep patterns and light-dark exposure were controlled for and stabilized.
“In both of these studies, sleep patterns and light-dark exposure were controlled for and stabilized.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
The peak time of TSH secretion is significantly phase-advanced in PMDD patients compared to controls.
“The peak time and acrophase of TSH secretion was significantly phase-advanced in patients compared to controls, without any changes in concentration [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
There are no changes in TSH concentration in PMDD patients compared to controls.
“The peak time and acrophase of TSH secretion was significantly phase-advanced in patients compared to controls, without any changes in concentration [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
The acrophase of TSH secretion is significantly phase-advanced in PMDD patients compared to controls.
“The peak time and acrophase of TSH secretion was significantly phase-advanced in patients compared to controls, without any changes in concentration [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
PRL acrophase is phase-advanced in PMDD patients compared to controls.
“Throughout the menstrual cycle, amplitude and peak of PRL were higher in PMDD patients compared to controls [63, 64], with a phase-advanced acrophase also detected in these women [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
Throughout the menstrual cycle, PRL amplitude is higher in PMDD patients compared to controls.
“Throughout the menstrual cycle, amplitude and peak of PRL were higher in PMDD patients compared to controls [63, 64], with a phase-advanced acrophase also detected in these women [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
Throughout the menstrual cycle, PRL peak is higher in PMDD patients compared to controls.
“Throughout the menstrual cycle, amplitude and peak of PRL were higher in PMDD patients compared to controls [63, 64], with a phase-advanced acrophase also detected in these women [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
After early sleep deprivation during the luteal phase, PRL acrophase is phase-delayed in PMDD patients.
“After early-SD (sleep times: 03:00–07:00) during the LP, CBT [105], PRL [64], and TSH [64] acrophases were phase-delayed, PRL amplitude was lowered [64], and TSH amplitude was increased [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
Late sleep deprivation advances PRL acrophase in PMDD patients.
“Late-SD (sleep times: 21:00–01:00) increased CBT amplitude [105] and advanced the acrophase of CBT [105], PRL [64], and cortisol [68], while it delayed the TSH acrophase [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
After early sleep deprivation during the luteal phase, TSH amplitude is increased in PMDD patients.
“After early-SD (sleep times: 03:00–07:00) during the LP, CBT [105], PRL [64], and TSH [64] acrophases were phase-delayed, PRL amplitude was lowered [64], and TSH amplitude was increased [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
Late sleep deprivation increases TSH mesor in PMDD patients.
“Additionally, late-SD also resulted in a decreased PRL mesor [64] and increased TSH mesor [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
After early sleep deprivation during the luteal phase, TSH acrophase is phase-delayed in PMDD patients.
“After early-SD (sleep times: 03:00–07:00) during the LP, CBT [105], PRL [64], and TSH [64] acrophases were phase-delayed, PRL amplitude was lowered [64], and TSH amplitude was increased [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
After early sleep deprivation during the luteal phase, PRL amplitude is lowered in PMDD patients.
“After early-SD (sleep times: 03:00–07:00) during the LP, CBT [105], PRL [64], and TSH [64] acrophases were phase-delayed, PRL amplitude was lowered [64], and TSH amplitude was increased [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
Late sleep deprivation delays TSH acrophase in PMDD patients.
“Late-SD (sleep times: 21:00–01:00) increased CBT amplitude [105] and advanced the acrophase of CBT [105], PRL [64], and cortisol [68], while it delayed the TSH acrophase [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
Late sleep deprivation decreases PRL mesor in PMDD patients.
“Additionally, late-SD also resulted in a decreased PRL mesor [64] and increased TSH mesor [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [64]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Parry, B. L., Hauger, R., LeVeau, B., Mostofi, N., Cover, H., Clopton, P., & Gillin, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parry, Barbara L.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-05
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 147-160
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127295645
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh042831-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R29MH42831, MH30914)
- National Center for Research Resources (M-01RR00827, M01RR000827)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation, menstrual cycle, luteal phase, follicular phase
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Follicular Phase, Humans, Luteal Phase, Premenstrual Syndrome, Prolactin, Sleep Deprivation, Thyrotropin
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