The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
CO2 condensation and the climate of early Mars
Abstract
A one-dimensional, radiative-convective climate model was used to reexamine the question of whether early Mars could have been kept warm by the greenhouse effect of a dense, CO2 atmosphere. The new model differs from previous models by considering the influence of CO2 clouds on the convective lapse rate and on the the planetary radiation budget. Condensation of CO2 decreases the lapse rate and, hence, reduces the magnitude of the greenhouse effect. This phenomenon becomes increasingly important at low solar luminosities and may preclude warm (0 degree C), globally averaged surface temperatures prior to approximately 2 billion years ago unless other greenhouse gases were present in addition to CO2 and H2O. Alternative mechanisms for warming early Mars and explaining channel formation are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a seminal paper, Kasting (1991) demonstrated that regardless of the atmospheric pressure, a clear-sky CO 2 -H 2 O atmosphere alone could not have warmed early Mars.”
From The Climate of Early Mars (2016) · cites this paper as Kasting 1991
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, the infrared scattering effect is still an important term in their overall radiative budget. This means that they at least do not dramatically cool the climate via shortwave scattering, as was thought to be the case in the earliest studies of CO 2 condensation on early Mars (Kasting 1991).”
From The Climate of Early Mars (2016) · cites this paper as Kasting 1991
Citations
Cites
Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics
Reif, F., & Scott, H. L. (1998) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.19073 · Cited by 2,671
A negative feedback mechanism for the long‐term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature
Walker, J. C. G., Hays, P. B., & Kasting, J. F. (1981) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/jc086ic10p09776 · Cited by 2,310
Self-citationOptical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave
Warren, S. G. (1984) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.23.001206 · Cited by 1,615
Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics
Reif, F., & Rice, S. A. (1967) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3034084 · Cited by 1,467
Earth and Mars: evolution of atmospheres and surface temperatures
Sagan, C., & Mullen, G. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.52 · Cited by 942
An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation
(1980) · International geophysics/International geophysics series · doi:10.1016/s0074-6142(08)x6038-3 · Cited by 929
Toon, O. B., Mckay, C., Ackerman, T., & Santhanam, K. (1989) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jd094id13p16287 · Cited by 888
Solar interior structure and luminosity variations
Gough, D. O. (1981) · Solar Physics · doi:10.1007/bf00151270 · Cited by 798
Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus
Kasting, J. F. (1988) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9 · Cited by 709
Self-citationThermal and albedo mapping of Mars during the Viking primary mission
Kieffer, H. H., Martin, T. Z., Peterfreund, A. R., JAKOSKY, B. M., Miner, E. D., & Palluconi, F. D. (1977) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/js082i028p04249 · Cited by 679
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Holloway, 1987, Igneous fluids, Rev. Mineral., 17, 211
- McClatchey, 1971, Tech. Report AFCRL-71-0279, Hanscomb AFB, MA
- Newitt, 1956, Vol. 1, 102
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–413 of 413
Behaviors of Martian CO2-driven dry climate system and conditions for atmospheric collapses
Watanabe, Y., Tajika, E., & Kamada, A. (2025) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116795
Banuchi, V. B. R., Gong, J., Mansbach, E. N., Bosak, T., & Hurowitz, J. A. (2025) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.123210
Hoke, M. R. T. (2011) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Not enough H 2 O 2 to warm early Mars
Maurice, M., Forget, F., Lefèvre, F., Stolzenbach, A., Jaziri, A. Y., Braude, A., Turbet, M., Millour, E., & Luo, Y. (2025) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116914
Salese, F., Hiatt, E., Pondrelli, M., Hesse, M. A., Soldano, M., & Fairén, A. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2025.1675588
Early evolution and habitability of rocky planets
Salvador, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/90487d56z22a9z4ce1z82fez865bf1c89ade
Early mars habitability revisited: Oceans, climate dynamics, and microbial survival
Kuzucan, A., Bolmont, É., Zeyen, N., Gu, W., Xue, J., Turbet, M., Caricchi, L., Martignier, A., & Bhatnagar, S. (2026) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2026.117236 · Cited by 1
Greenhouse Effect on Planets and Moons of the Solar System
Aliakin, A. V., Karnaukhov, A. V., & Prokhorov, M. E. (2026) · Moscow University Physics Bulletin · doi:10.3103/s0027134926700402
Limits on the UV Photodecomposition of Carbonates on Mars
Quinn, R. C., Zent, A. P., McKay, C. P., & DeVincenzi, D. L. (2013) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)
Atmospheric convection with condensation of the major component
山下, 達., Yamashita, T., 小高, 正., Odaka, M., 杉山, 耕., Sugiyama, K., 中島, 健., Nakajima, K., 石渡, 正., Ishiwatari, M., et al. (2010) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Evolution of the Martian Atmosphere: Results of a Monte Carlo Model of Sputtering
Kass, D. M., & Yung, Y. L. (2000) · Icarus
Metadata
- Authors
- Kasting, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kasting, James F.
- ORCID
- Kasting, James F.
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991-11
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025152715
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 12.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Icarus (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- early Mars climate, CO2 condensation, greenhouse effect, surface temperature, Martian channels
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide, Climate, Extraterrestrial Environment, Models, Chemical, Temperature, Water, Solar System, Greenhouse Effect, Mars
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
