Subjective hunger relationships with meal patterns in the spontaneous feeding behavior of humans: Evidence for a causal connection
Abstract
The relationship between the subjective state of hunger and objective food intake was investigated using a diary self-report method. Thirty-one adult humans were paid to record in a diary, for 7 consecutive days, everything that they either ate or drank, the time that they ingested it, and how hungry they were on a seven point scale. The diary entries were encoded and entered into a computer. Meals were identified according to 5 different definitions and meal compositions, estimated stomach contents, and intermeal intervals calculated. Univariate and multiple linear regression predictions of self-reported hunger and meal size were calculated from these data. Self-reported hunger was found to be related negatively to the energy content and the proportion of protein in the stomach at the time of meal ingestion. Meal size was also found to be related to these same factors and also positively to self-rated hunger. These results suggest that protein has a unique satiating property beyond its contribution to total food energy. When self-rated hunger and the premeal stomach contents were all used in a multiple regression prediction of meal size the premeal stomach contents influence became nonsignificant leaving subjective hunger as the only significant predictor of meal size. These results suggest that subjective hunger represents an intermediary step in the cause-effect sequence between gut filling and cessation of meal ingestion.
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- Authors
- de Castro, J. M., & Elmore, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Georgia State University (US)
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-165
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044516801
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Georgia State University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- subjective hunger, meal patterns, meal size, intermeal interval, dietary intake, satiety, meal termination
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Energy Intake, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Gastrointestinal Contents, Humans, Hunger, Male, Regression Analysis, Stomach
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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