Cited by 328Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlCardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Skin photoplethysmography — a review

Kamal, A.A.R., Harness, J.B., Irving, G., Mearns, A.J.·1989·Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine

DOI 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4

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Abstract

The photoplethysmograph has been used for over 50 years but there are still misconceptions in how and what is the information obtained. A photoplethysmograph signal from any site on the skin can be separated into an oscillating (a.c.) and a steady-state (d.c.) component, their amplitudes dependent upon the structure and flow in the vascular bed. Many simple applications are available: pulse counters, using the a.c. component, skin colour and haemoglobin saturation meters, using the d.c. component. The d.c. component of the photoplethysmograph signal is a function of the blood flux beneath the device. A good emitter for use in a photoplethysmograph of skin blood flow is one in the frequency range 600-700 nm and the best signal for a.c. analysis is obtained from the finger pulp. The frequency range of the electronic circuitry should be from 0.01 to 15 Hz, then all the information in the signal can be extracted about the autonomic nervous system control of the cardiovascular system, particularly between 0.01 and 2 Hz. Comparative studies may be drawn between similar skin sites on a subject or between subjects if the afferent inputs to the brain stem are controlled or driven at a known frequency. These afferents, inputs, will modulate the efferents, outputs, which generate variations in the a.c. component of the detected photoplethysmograph signal.

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Background
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Background
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Method
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Method
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Background
Abnormally elevated intramuscular pressure impairs muscle blood flow at rest after exercise
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Background
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Wan, C., Chen, D., Yang, J., & Huang, M. H. (2020) · IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems · doi:10.1587/transinf.2019edp7156 · Cited by 13
NICE atrial fibrillation guideline snubs wearable technology: a missed opportunity?
Gala, A. R. P. B. E., Pope, M., Leo, M., Lobban, T., & Betts, T. R. (2022) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmed.2021-0436 · Cited by 11
A fingertip-type magnetic pulse detection device for unusual monitoring conditions
Shen, H., Gu, X., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-023-00102-2 · Cited by 12
“In the present setup, the magnets are attached to a ﬁ ngertip which consists of nail, skin, muscle, bones, arterial/vein vessels, and capillaries 26 .”
IDTL-rPPG: Remote heart rate estimation using instance-based deep transfer learning
Gao, H., Zhang, C., Pei, S., & Wu, X. (2024) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106416 · Cited by 12
Inducing and Assessing Acute Mental Stress in Controlled Conditions: Topical Review and Guidelines for Effective Experimental Protocols
Raggi, M., Moore, L. J., & Mesin, L. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3528518 · Cited by 14
A Novel AMARS Technique for Baseline Wander Removal Applied to Photoplethysmogram
Timimi, A. A. K., Ali, M. A. M., & Chellappan, K. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2017.2649940 · Cited by 12
Characterization of Quadratic Nonlinearity between Motion Artifact and Acceleration Data and its Application to Heartbeat Rate Estimation
Kim, S., Im, S., & Park, T. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17081872 · Cited by 12
Fiber-optic pulseoximeter for local oxygen saturation determination using a Monte Carlo multi-layer model for calibration
Hernández-Quintanar, L. F., Fabila-Bustos, D. A., Hernández-Chávez, M., Valor, A., de la Rosa, J., & Stolik, S. (2019) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105237 · Cited by 12
A 140 dB-DR Light-to-Digital Converter Using Current-Domain Hybrid Zoom for Baseline Cancellation and Interference Compensation
Yao, C., Lu, Z., Liu, L., Pan, Y., Qin, W., Ma, S., Sheng, Y., Hong, Z., & Xu, J. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2024.3503281 · Cited by 11
“1, volumetric changes in peripheral blood can be estimated by measuring the light transmitted or reflected by tissue [6], [7], [8], [9], [10].”
Justification of the Photoplethysmography Sensor Configuration by Monte Carlo Modeling of the Pulse Waveform
Lapitan, D. G., Tarasov, A. P., & Рогаткин, Д. А. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Photonics & Engineering · doi:10.18287/jbpe22.08.030306 · Cited by 11
Optical sensor system for continuous non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring in real-time
Timm, U., Andruschenko, S., Hinz, M., Koball, S., Leen, G., Lewis, E., Kraitl, J., & Ewald, H. (2011) · IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) · doi:10.1109/sas.2011.5739781 · Cited by 11
Optimal Preprocessing of Raw Signals from Reflective Mode Photoplethysmography in Wearable Devices
Wolling, F., Wasala, S. M., & Laerhoven, K. V. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630955 · Cited by 10
“Particularly the first ten harmonics of the fundamental HR shape the pulse waveform and need to be preserved [20], [44].”
Background
Recovery of Independent Sparse Sources From Linear Mixtures Using Sparse Bayesian Learning
Fouladi, S. H., Chiu, S.-E., Rao, B. D., & Balasingham, I. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2018.2875419 · Cited by 10
Human Recognition via PPG Signal using Temporal Correlation
Walia, A., & Kaul, A. (2019) · International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC) · doi:10.1109/ispcc48220.2019.8988419 · Cited by 10
Raw Photoplethysmography as an Enhancement for Research-Grade Wearable Activity Monitors
Hibbing, P. R., & Khan, M. M. (2024) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/57158 · Cited by 10
“There are 2 types of PPG, namely, transmission and reflectance [23].”
Background
More relaxing than nature? The impact of ASMR content on psychological and physiological measures of parasympathetic activity
Hozaki, D., Ezaki, T., Poerio, G. L., & Kondo, H. M. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf012 · Cited by 10
“By measuring PPG signals with near-infrared light, valuable insights into cardiovascular dynamics can be obtained (Kamal et al. 1989).”
An improved algorithm for Heart Rate tracking during physical exercise using simultaneous wrist-type photoplethysmographic (PPG) and acceleration signals
Mashhadi, M. B., Essalat, M., Ahmadi, M., & Marvasti, F. (2016) · National and International Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME) · doi:10.1109/icbme.2016.7890946 · Cited by 9
“PPG signal is obtained by irradiating a light-emitting diode towards the skin surface and recording the intensity changes of the reflected light by a photo detector [2].”
Method
Predicting Arterial Stiffness from Physiological Characteristics of Photoplethysmography Signals Quantified Through Second Derivative
Mohanalakshmi, S., Mohanalakshmi, S., Sivasubramanian, A., & Swarnalatha, A. (2017) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i12/104111 · Cited by 9
Optical methods for assessing skin flap survival
Välisuo, P. O. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-85709-662-3.00012-9 · Cited by 9
Development of a remote photoplethysmographic technique for human biometrics
Shi, P. A., Hu, S., Echiadis, A., Azorin-Peris, V., Zheng, J., & Zhu, Y. (2009) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.807360 · Cited by 9
“AC component can be divided into three parts ([3]).”
Background
Photoplethysmographic signal processing using adaptive sum comb filter for pulse delay measurement; pp. 78–94
Pilt, K., Meigas, K., Ferenets, R., & Kaik, J. (2010) · Estonian Journal of Engineering · doi:10.3176/eng.2010.1.08 · Cited by 9
Analysis of time series for non-invasive characterization of blood components and circulation patterns
Kraitl, J., Ewald, H., & Gehring, H. (2007) · Nonlinear Analysis Hybrid Systems · doi:10.1016/j.nahs.2006.05.007 · Cited by 9
Quantitative measurement of sympathetic neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus
Nasimi, S. G. A. A., Mearns, A. J., Harness, J. B., & Heath, I. (1991) · Journal of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/0141-5425(91)90127-s · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Analogue Step-by-Step DC Component Eliminator for 24-Hour PPG Signal Monitoring
Pilt, K., Meigas, K., Lass, J., Rosmann, M., & Kaik, J. (2007) · Conference proceedings · doi:10.1109/iembs.2007.4352464 · Cited by 9
Patellofemoral pain syndrome : Clinical and pathophysiological considerations
Näslund, J. (2006) · Figshare · Cited by 9
When is it good to use wristband devices to measure HRV?: Introducing a new method for evaluating the quality of data from photophlethysmography-based HRV devicesPreprint
Ryan, W. S., Conigrave, J. H., Basarkod, G., Ciarrochi, J., & Sahdra, B. K. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/t3gdz · Cited by 9
The Pi-CON Methodology Applied: Operator Errors and Preference Tracking of a Novel Ubiquitous Vital Signs Sensor and Its User Interface
Baumann, S., Stone, R., Genschel, U., & Mgaedeh, F. Z. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2201552 · Cited by 8
“While plethysmography senses volume changes in different parts of the human body, such as the lungs (Cri (cid:2) ee et al., 2011), PPG uses a light source, such as an LED, to detect volume changes in our blood vessels (Kamal et al., 1989).”
Radiative transport in large arteries
Ruh, D., Subramanian, S., Theodor, M., Zappe, H. P., & Seifert, A. (2013) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.5.000054 · Cited by 8
Photoplethysmogram signal variability and repeatability assessment
Chellappan, K. (2010) · IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences · doi:10.1109/iecbes.2010.5742244 · Cited by 8
“blood, auto regulation, temperature regulation and blood pressure regulation ( 8 ).”
Background
Spot and continuous monitoring of heart rate by combining time and frequency domain analysis of photoplethysmographic signals at rest conditions
Madhan Mohan, P., Nagarajan, V., & Vignesh, J. C. (2017) · IET Signal Processing · doi:10.1049/iet-spr.2016.0455 · Cited by 8
Design and Application of a Flexible Blood Oxygen Sensing Array for Wearable Devices
Kuo, W., Wu, T., & Wang, J. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13101742 · Cited by 8
“In recent years, there have been some analysis methods of physiological signals such as the use of ECG [2] and photoplethysmography (PPG) [3,4] waveforms.”
Method
Spatiotemporal monitoring of changes in oxy/deoxy-hemoglobin concentration and blood pulsation on human skin using smartphone-enabled remote multispectral photoplethysmography
He, Q., Sun, Z., Li, Y., Wang, W., & Wang, R. K. (2021) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.423160 · Cited by 9
Sensor factors influencing photoplethysmography
Timimi, A. Y. K., & Ali, M. A. M. (2014) · IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS) · doi:10.1109/apccas.2014.7032808 · Cited by 8
“The physiological events such as breathing and temperature also affect DC level directly [13] nonetheless they would not have that much effects on DC.”
Background
The Diabetic Foot 1990
Fernando, D., Connor, H., & Boulton, A. J. M. (1991) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1991.tb01522.x · Cited by 8
Photoplethysmography‐Based Angiography of Skin Tumors in Arbitrary Areas of Human Body
Guryleva, A. V., Machikhin, A. S., Orlova, E. V., Kulikova, E., Volkov, M. V., Gabrielian, G. A., Smirnova, L., Sekacheva, M. I., Olisova, O. Y., Rudenko, E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.202400242 · Cited by 7
“PPG provides a signal (photoplethysmogram) proportional to the change in blood volume in the examined skin area [44].”
Monitoring blood pressure through a single hybrid hemodynamic signal with a flexible optoelectronic patch
Zhong, Y., Zhang, Y., Pu, J., Wustoni, S., Uribe, J., Lopez‐Larrea, N., Marks, A., McCulloch, I. A., Mecerreyes, D., Baran, D., et al. (2025) · Device · doi:10.1016/j.device.2025.100778 · Cited by 7
A 9.84-μW 148.9-dB Total DR Light-to-Digital Converter With Current-Integration SAR Quantizer for Multi-Wavelength PPG Applications
Gao, Y.-H., Li, J., Fan, C.-H., Leung, K. N., Zhang, Y., & Pun, K. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3564384 · Cited by 7
“For single-wavelength PPG, heart rate (HR) can be easily determined from the systolic peak of each PPG cycle [18].”
Continuous heart rate variability monitoring, stress and recovery in doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kane, L., Powell, D., Martin, K. R., Rees, C., Curran, J., & Ball, D. (2025) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaf101 · Cited by 7
“Second, photoplethysmography measurements are known to be affected by skin tone [34] and finally, somewhat unique to this study population, is infection prevention control regulations that prevent both wrist watches or rings being worn by doctors in the workplace.”
Influential
Photoplethysmogram
TAMURA, T., & Maeda, Y. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69362-0_6 · Cited by 11
Low-frequency variability in photoplethysmography and autonomic function assessment
Allen, J., & Chen, F. (2022) · Photoplethysmography · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823374-0.00008-6 · Cited by 3
Alternative measurement systems for recording cardiac activity in animals: a pilot study
Kahankova, R. V., Kolařík, J., Brablík, J., Barnova, K., Simkova, I., & Martínek, R. (2022) · Animal Biotelemetry · doi:10.1186/s40317-022-00286-y · Cited by 8
“The most common PPG sensors use infrared LEDs or green LEDs as the main light source [70, 71].”
Background

Authors: Kamal, A. A. R., Harness, J. B., Irving, G., & Mearns, A. J.
Affiliations: University of Bradford (GB)
Corresponding author: Harness, J.B.
Venue: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1989-04
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 257-269
ISSN: 0169-2607 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4
OpenAlex: W2054173774
Cited by: 328
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 0.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Keywords: photoplethysmography, skin blood flow, pulse counting, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, finger pulp, vascular bed
MeSH terms: Equipment Design, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Plethysmography, Regional Blood Flow, Skin

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Skin photoplethysmography — a review

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