Cited by 328Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlCardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Skin photoplethysmography — a review

Kamal, A.A.R., Harness, J.B., Irving, G., Mearns, A.J.·1989·Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine

DOI 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4

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Abstract

The photoplethysmograph has been used for over 50 years but there are still misconceptions in how and what is the information obtained. A photoplethysmograph signal from any site on the skin can be separated into an oscillating (a.c.) and a steady-state (d.c.) component, their amplitudes dependent upon the structure and flow in the vascular bed. Many simple applications are available: pulse counters, using the a.c. component, skin colour and haemoglobin saturation meters, using the d.c. component. The d.c. component of the photoplethysmograph signal is a function of the blood flux beneath the device. A good emitter for use in a photoplethysmograph of skin blood flow is one in the frequency range 600-700 nm and the best signal for a.c. analysis is obtained from the finger pulp. The frequency range of the electronic circuitry should be from 0.01 to 15 Hz, then all the information in the signal can be extracted about the autonomic nervous system control of the cardiovascular system, particularly between 0.01 and 2 Hz. Comparative studies may be drawn between similar skin sites on a subject or between subjects if the afferent inputs to the brain stem are controlled or driven at a known frequency. These afferents, inputs, will modulate the efferents, outputs, which generate variations in the a.c. component of the detected photoplethysmograph signal.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
Biomedical Sensors and Their Interfacing
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Background
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Background
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Introduction and Background
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“PPG is a non-invasive optical technique and has been used to monitor blood flow in skin and muscles [17]-[19], but also to monitor hemodynamic sensing in implanted devices [20].”
Method
A novel mathematical approach for blood flow signal analyses
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“At present, the PPG technique is applied in a wide range of commercial medical devices for measuring blood pressure, oxygen saturation and cardiac output, for detection of peripheral vascular disease and also for assessing the function of the autonomic nervous system (Kamal et al. 1989).”
Method
Transmittance photoplethysmography with near-infrared laser diodes in intra-peritoneal organs
Silva, S. M. L., Silveira, J. P., Dotor, M. L., Giannetti, R., Golmayo, D., & Herrera, L. (2006) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/27/10/009 · Cited by 1
“Photoplethysmography is a technique that provides a signal proportional to changes in blood volume (Kamal et al 1989).”
Method
Non-invasive blood flow monitoring on the wrist
Maier, M., & Lindberg, L. (2005) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2001.1017438 · Cited by 1
“Photoplethysmography Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a common non-invasive method mainly used to measure blood oxygenation level, heartbeat and changes in blood flow [1].”
A Robust Algorithm for Estimating Heart-Rate from Motion-Corrupted Photoplethysmographic Signals Using Adaptive Filtering and Nonparametric Spectrum Estimation
Sivadas, R. P., Paramparambath, N., & Sidharth, N. N. (2018) · Data-Enabled Discovery and Applications · doi:10.1007/s41688-018-0020-7 · Cited by 1
Autonomous Heart Rate Tracking Methodology Using Kalman Filter and the EM Algorithm
Souza, T. T., Balasingam, B., & Maev, R. G. (2019) · International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION) · doi:10.23919/fusion43075.2019.9011407 · Cited by 1
Development and validation of quantitative optical index of skin blood content
Peng, Y.-H., & Maarek, J. I. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.27.6.065003 · Cited by 1
Anaesthesia Monitoring: From Conventional to AI-Enabled Data Acquisition Methods
Liu, X., McGrath, S., Flanagan, C., Lei, Y., & Zeng, L. (2023) · IEEE EUROCON - International Conference on Computer as a Tool (EUROCON) · doi:10.1109/eurocon56442.2023.10198967 · Cited by 1
“Nellcor N-200, Nellcor N-3000, and Masimo SET (prototype) [45] were employed for SpO2 monitoring in 1996.”
Method
Design, Development and Test of Electronic Interface for Photoplethysmography Devices
Zompanti, A., Santonico, M., & Pennazza, G. (2023) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48711-8_19 · Cited by 1
Finger photopletysmography detects early acute blood loss in compensated blood donors: a pilot study
Speroni, G., Antedoro, P., Marturet, S., Martino, G., Chavez, C., Hidalgo, C., Villacorta, M. V., Ahrtz, I., Casadei, M., Fuentes, N. A., et al. (2024) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/ad4c54 · Cited by 1
“This signal has been associated with many bodily processes like breathing, thermoregulation, and autonomic nervous system activity (Kamal et al 1989, Barron et al 1993, Buchs et al 2005).”
An explainable echo state network trained from photoplethysmography signals for equine life stage prediction
Byfield, R., Miller, M., Xie, Y., Crosby, M., Schiltz, P., Johnson, P. J., & Lin, J. (2024) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10285-0 · Cited by 1
OPTICAL SENSOR SYSTEM FOR THE NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS QUANTIFIED BY FOURTH DERIVATIVE OF PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAM
Mohanalakshmi, S., & Sivasubramanian, A. (2015) · Biomedical Engineering Applications Basis and Communications · doi:10.4015/s1016237215500210 · Cited by 1
Analysis of skin blood flow signals in the frequency domain applied to the vasodilators histamine and methylnicotinate
Kamal, A., & Al-Waswasy, S. S. (2002) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.1996.647637 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Universal design of a microcontroller and IoT system to detect the heart rate
Uwamahoro, R., Alexie, M., Minani, G., & Murari, B. M. (2017) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/263/5/052037 · Cited by 1
Flow Transducers
Button, V. L. D. S. N. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800774-7.00007-6 · Cited by 1
Neural Network and Cloud Computing for Predicting ECG Waves from PPG Readings
Kosasih, D. I., Lee, B.-G., & Lim, H. (2022) · Journal of Multimedia Information System · doi:10.33851/jmis.2022.9.1.11 · Cited by 1
Fusion of various optimisation based feature smoothing methods for wearable and non‐invasive blood glucose estimation
Wei, Y., Ling, B. W., Chen, D., Dai, Y., & Liu, Q. (2023) · IET Systems Biology · doi:10.1049/syb2.12063 · Cited by 1
“estimated by the PPGs is consistent with that estimated by the ECGs when the subjects are in the relaxed state [28].”
Method
Test of a processing algorithm for NIR-laser-diode-based pulse oximetry
Silva, S. M. L., Silveira, J. P., & Dotor, M. L. (2003) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.499067 · Cited by 1
An integrated System supporting Training in medical and administrative Decision Making in the Emergency Department
Spyropoulos, B., Tzavaras, A., Botsivaly, M., Moschidis, M., & Koutsourakis, K. (2006) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2006.260322 · Cited by 1
“Respiration Rate can also be reproduced directly from the Carotid Sound acquisition module, or be extracted by employing frequency analysis and filtering of the original Photo-plethysmography [ 5 ] signal (PPG).”
Method
Blood pulsation imaging
Teplov, V. (2014) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland) · Cited by 1
A contribution to unobtrusive video-based measurement of respiratory signals
Mateu-Mateus, M. (2020) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-334684 · Cited by 1
Terahertz-Wave-Plethysmography (TPG): A New Principle of Radar Based Pulse DetectionPreprint
Rong, Y., Theofanopoulos, P. C., Trichopoulos, G. C., & Bliss, D. W. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1109431/v1 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of the Signal Quality of Wrist-Based Photoplethysmography
Pradhan, N. (2018) · doi:10.22215/etd/2018-12624 · Cited by 1
Vers le développement d'un capteur photoplétysmographique sans contact
Bobbia, S. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a3c47f9fz5d34z4690za579zb07025c69b0f · Cited by 1
Multichannel module characterization of optical sensors employed in photoplethysmography
Timimi, A. Y. K., & Ali, M. A. M. (2014) · IEEE/CPMT International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium · doi:10.1109/iemt.2014.7123144
“It is well exploited in pulse oximetry to measure oxygen saturation and heart rate [1]–[4], and has many applications in assessing cardiovascular physiology, risk factors and related diseases [1], [5]–[7].”
Background
Caracterización de la onda de pulso arterial, velocidad (PWV) y morfología (DVP), como estimadores de la presión arterial
HERNÁNDEZ, J. M. P. (2010) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/7767
Optical and other methods for the assessment of arterial andvenous insufficiency
Williams, P. T. (2011) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Computerunterstützte Analyse photoplethysmographischer Signale
Abicht, J. (2003) · doi:10.5282/edoc.1793
Infections and hyperbaric oxygen : new methods for highdose protocols and noninvasive measurements
Larsson, A. C. (2012) · Figshare
Multi-wavelength transmittance photoplethysmography with near infrared laser diodes during exercise
Silva, S. M. L., Giannetti, R., Dotor, M. L., Golmayo, D., Martin, P., Miguel‐Tobal, F., Bilbao, A., & Silveira, J. P. (2005) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.633042
Techniques d'exploration de la vasomotricité
Planchon, B., & Pistorius, M. A. (1995) · Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique · doi:10.1016/0168-6054(96)89333-0
Non-contact heart rate estimation in pediatric intensive care units
Bal, U., & Bal, A. (2014) · National Biomedical Engineering Meeting · doi:10.1109/biyomut.2014.7026335
“Fotopletismografi nabız ve oksijen satürasyonu gibi parametreleri ölçmek için kullanılan basit ve düşük maliyetli optik bir tekniktir [2, 3].”
Instruments in Biotechnology and Medicine
Voss, A., Feller, K. ‐., & Beckmann, D. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527643981.bphot006
the effects on muscle blood flow and aspects of treatment in the clinical context
Sandberg, M. (2004)
Utility of transmittance photoplethysmography with near infrared laser diodes for the study of visceral perfusion: preliminary study
Silva, S. M. L., Silveira, J. P., Herrera, L. A., Soriano, M. L., Giannetti, R., de Tafira, C., Newton, I., & Aguilera, A. (2005)
Pulse wave registration from radial artery using photoplethysmographic method
Pilt, K., Leier, M., Silluta, S., Kööts, K., Meigas, K., & Viigimaa, M. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319863

Authors: Kamal, A. A. R., Harness, J. B., Irving, G., & Mearns, A. J.
Affiliations: University of Bradford (GB)
Corresponding author: Harness, J.B.
Venue: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1989-04
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 257-269
ISSN: 0169-2607 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90159-4
OpenAlex: W2054173774
Cited by: 328
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 0.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Keywords: photoplethysmography, skin blood flow, pulse counting, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, finger pulp, vascular bed
MeSH terms: Equipment Design, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Plethysmography, Regional Blood Flow, Skin

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Skin photoplethysmography — a review

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