Cited by 443Philosophy and Theoretical ScienceMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsCognitive Science and Education Research

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Matters of mind: Mindfulness/mindlessness in perspective

Langer, Ellen J·1992·Consciousness and Cognition

DOI 10.1016/1053-8100(92)90066-j

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“Langer (1992) stated that mindfulness should not be confused with the psychometric views of intelligence that are linear and move from problems to solutions and from questions to answers.”
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“Then the following scenario has a good chance of accurately reflecting what has happened to you then.”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“The hypothesis of automaticity, or mindlessness as suggested by Nass and colleagues [e.g., 12] thereby referring to Langer [10] deserves to be put under empirical scrutiny.”
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“Following Langer (1989, 1992), mindless behaviour was described as the use of scripts, labels and expectations derived from past social experience.”
Background
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“…represent a fairly broad generalization from the property of interactivity to a reciprocity behavior designed to promote social cohesion (see, e.g., Langer, 1992), but it is also relatively shallow cognitively because it represents a default and inflexible link between one behavior and another…”
Background
Validation of the Persian Version of the Langer Mindfulness Scale
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“People who report higher mindfulness tend to have higher quality of life and psychological well-being (Langer, 1989; Pagnini and Langer, 2015) even in the case of severe health conditions (Pagnini et al., 2014, 2015, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“…that a radical mind–body dualism is a relatively mindless notion and that a more mindful approach is to consider the two concepts as more closely integrated with a reciprocal influence between processes traditionally defined as “body” (i.e., embodied) and “mind” (i.e., cognition; see Langer, 1992).”
Background
Mindful escapes: Unveiling the transformative wellness journeys of generation Z
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“Langer, (1992) explains mindfulness as a state of conscious awareness.”
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“Trying to solve similar needs, the Chrome extension developed by Purohit et al. [119] allows Facebook users to easily unfollow all their friends, pages, and groups so that the same users can then refollow anyone they want.”
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“This cognitive engagement leans on conscious awareness and observation rather than content evaluation (Langer 1992).”
EXPLORATIONS OF COGNITIVE AGILITY:A REAL TIME ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
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Peña, J. F., Craig, M., & Baumhardt, H. (2022) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221127258 · Cited by 18
“Scripts are learned from general and specific knowledge derived from first-and secondhand experiences and information (Langer, 1992).”
Toward a Deweyan Theory of Communicative Mindfulness
Stroud, S. R. (2010) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/ic.30.1.d · Cited by 15
“Langer (1992a) argues that mindlessness in communication involves people speaking “from a single perspective without cognizance of alternative perspectives, ignoring the richness of our language which makes available multiple ways of saying the same thing” (p. 324).”
Background
Possibilities, purpose and pitfalls: Insights from introducing mindfulness to leaders
Sinclair, A. (2015) · Journal of Spirituality Leadership and Management · doi:10.15183/slm2015.08.1112 · Cited by 14
“From the 1990s, mindfulness has been increasingly researched by psychologists, for example, Ellen Langer was a pioneer in showing how mindful practices helped delay and reverse mental and physical symptoms of ageing (Langer 1989; Langer 1992).”
Background
Motivational Theories of Agenda-Setting Effects: An Information Selection and Processing Model of Attribute Agenda-Setting
Camaj, L. (2018) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edy016 · Cited by 14
Applying mindfulness theory to enhance voluntourism experiences
An, S., Eck, T., Woosnam, K. M., & Jiang, L. (2023) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101203 · Cited by 13
Reducing Delirium and Improving Patient Satisfaction With a Perioperative Mindfulness Intervention
Lisann‐Goldman, L., Pagnini, F., Deiner, S. G., & Langer, E. J. (2019) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000321 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
It's Not Just About the Product
Becker, M. Y., Matt, C., & Heß, T. (2020) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3380799.3380804 · Cited by 17
“In terms of theory of controlled mindless behavior (Langer, 1992), it can be argued that implementing illogical information concerning data collection is more effective than giving no information, since individuals don’t read privacy policies carefully.”
Background
Mindful Creativity Scale (MCS): Validation of a German version of the Langer Mindfulness Scale with patients with severe TBI and controls
Haller, C. S. (2015) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.989906 · Cited by 8
Exploring mindlessness as an explanation for the media equation: a study of stereotyping in computer tutorials
Johnson, D. M., & Gardner, J. (2007) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-007-0193-9 · Cited by 13
“When considering 1 Readers interested in more detailed information regarding mindlessness are directed to Langer (1992).”
Background
The effects of a self‐observation‐based meditation intervention on acceptance or rejection of the other
Pinazo, D., & Bresó, E. (2015) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12223 · Cited by 13
“Langer (1992) states that mindfulness is a process through which an individual develops new social categories based on greater openness and sensitivity to previously unnoticed elements in the setting.”
Background
Social responses in mobile messaging
Eckles, D., Wightman, D., Carlson, C., Thamrongrattanarit, A., Bastéa-Forte, M., & Fogg, B. J. (2009) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1518954 · Cited by 13
“These social responses are generally taken to be mindless [10]: that is, specific cues generate social responses which are nonetheless out of place when the situation as presented is more fully and reflectively considered [6].”
Background
Evaluating MixedInitiative Systems: An Experimental Approach
Cortellessa, G., & Cesta, A. (2015) · Cited by 13
Modeling the relationships among psychological immunity, mindfulness and flourishing of university students
Essa, E. K. (2020) · International Journal of Education · doi:10.17509/ije.v13i1.24488 · Cited by 12
“According to Langer (1997) mindfulness has four main subdomains which are novelty producing, novelty seeking, engagement and flexibility.”
Background
Think Inside the Box: Investigating the Consequences of Everyday Physical Opt-Out Strategies for Mindful Smartphone Use
Haliburton, L., Lammel, M., Karolus, J., & Schmidt, A. (2022) · International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) · doi:10.1145/3568444.3568452 · Cited by 12
An adolescent's subjective experiences of mindfulness
Dellbridge, C.-A., & Lubbe, C. (2009) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/jcamh.2009.21.2.8.1016 · Cited by 15
Social and Emotional Characteristics of Speech-based In-Vehicle Information Systems: Impact on Attitude and Driving Behaviour
Jonsson, I.-M. (2009) · DiVA (Linkoping University) · Cited by 12
Aging Mindfully to Minimize Cognitive Decline
Kurth, F., Cherbuin, N., & Luders, E. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0027-2 · Cited by 10
“In contrast, such improvements were entirely absent after 12 weeks in another study (Alexander et al. 1989) using transcendental meditation (Langer 1992; Langer and Moldoveanu 2000).”
Background
A Content Analysis of Architectural Atmosphere Influencing Mindfulness through the Lens of Instagram
Thampanichwat, C., Bunyarittikit, S., Moorapun, C., & Phaibulputhipong, P. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151310063 · Cited by 11
An AI Approach to Support Student Mental Health: Case of Developing an AI-Powered Web-Platform with Nature-Based Mindfulness
Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Grunwald, S., Chu, S. L., Kamble, P., & Kumar, J. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education · doi:10.1080/10963758.2024.2369128 · Cited by 11
“Mindfulness, which refers to a state of conscious awareness (Langer, 1992), has been applied with various traditional (e.g., seated Zen/Chan meditation) and contemporary (e.g., mindfulness meditation apps) practices to boost mental health (Bostock et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2021).”
Bridging the gap between entrepreneurial intentions and behavior: examining the role of mindfulness
Waheed, K. A., Laeequddin, M., & Sahay, V. (2024) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-03-2023-0132 · Cited by 9
Using mindfulness to develop health education strategies for blood borne virus prevention in injecting drug use
Treloar, C., Laybutt, B., & CARRUTHERS, S. J. (2010) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.3109/09687630802585377 · Cited by 11
“There is a large body of empirical and theoretical work on mindfulness from which we can draw information (Langer, 1989, 1992).”
Background
Are computers still social actors?
Lang, H., Klepsch, M., Nothdurft, F., Seufert, T., & Minker, W. (2013) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2468356.2468510 · Cited by 11
“Following Langer [5], Nass and Moon attributed this inappropriate social behavior towards computers to be caused by the mindless application of simplistic social scripts learned from human-human interaction to human-computer interaction [7].”
BackgroundInfluential
Mindfulness Scholarship and Interventions: A Review
Ivtzan, I., & Hart, R. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139871310.002 · Cited by 11

Authors: Langer, E. J.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Langer, Ellen J
ORCID: Langer, Ellen J
Venue: Consciousness and Cognition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1992-09
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 289-305
ISSN: 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/1053-8100(92)90066-j
OpenAlex: W2058544703
Cited by: 443
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 0.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
Keywords: mindfulness, mindlessness, conscious awareness, automatic vs controlled processing, functional fixedness, overlearning, habit, cognitive commitment, context sensitivity, cognitive flexibility, memory, consciousness

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