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YOU CAN'T PLAY 20 QUESTIONS WITH NATURE AND WIN: PROJECTIVE COMMENTS ON THE PAPERS OF THIS SYMPOSIUM
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“Understanding brain information processing requires that we build computational models that are capable of performing cognitive tasks.”
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“However, experiments will yield theoretical insight only when employed to test brain-computational models.”
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“Only synthesis in a computer simulation can reveal what the interaction of the proposed component mechanisms actually entails and whether it can account for the cognitive function in question.”
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Citations
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Verwey, W. B. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02377-0 · Cited by 17
Integrating cognitive (neuro)science using mechanisms
Miłkowski, M. (2016) · Avant · doi:10.26913/70202016.0112.0003 · Cited by 18
Extracting representations of cognition across neuroimaging studies improves brain decoding
Mensch, A., Mairal, J., Thirion, B., & Varoquaux, G. P. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008795 · Cited by 24
“0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Decoding accuracy on test set [4] Conditional stop-signal [4] Stop-signal [65] Audio-video frequency [22] Motor [82] Stop-signal [57] Breath hold task [6] Motor [57] Paired associates memory task (encoding) [6] Social [62] Classification learning [22] Covert verb generation [22] Overt verb gene…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTowards an Enactive Cognitive Architecture
Morse, A. F., Lowe, R. J., & Ziemke, T. (2008) · Cited by 17
Explaining Human Behavior in Dynamic Tasks through Reinforcement Learning
Dutt, V. (2011) · Journal of Advances in Information Technology · doi:10.4304/jait.2.3.177-188 · Cited by 21
Les troubles moteurs chez les enfants dyslexiques : revue de travaux et perspectives
Jover, M., Ducrot, S., Huau, A., Bellocchi, S., Brun-Hénin, F., & Mancini, J. (2013) · Enfance · doi:10.3917/enf1.134.0323 · Cited by 21
Hansen, M. E., Lumsdaine, A., & Goldstone, R. L. (2012) · ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software (Onward!) · doi:10.1145/2384592.2384596 · Cited by 18
“” [26] We believe the same applies to the psychology of programming.”
BackgroundByrne, M. D. (2012) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1180 · Cited by 18
“Newell (1973)10 recognized this problem when he prophesied that if something was not done, cognitive science would remain a fragmented and immature field.”
BackgroundThe draining of noble metals in vitrified nuclear waste by a melter with a sloping floor
Igarashi, H., & Takahashi, T. (1991) · Glass Technology · Cited by 18
Children's Self-Regulated Learning of Movement Sequences
Bouffard, M., & Dunn, J. G. H. (1993) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1993.10607592 · Cited by 18
The nature of hemispheric specialization: Why should there be a single principle?
Bertelson, P. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007561 · Cited by 18
Nonlinear analyses of self-paced reading
Wallot, S., & Orden, G. C. V. (2011) · The Mental Lexicon · doi:10.1075/ml.6.2.02wal · Cited by 18
“These must be abducted and then tested using additional manipulations to rule out competing hypotheses, effectively playing a form of 20 questions with nature (cf. Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundA Unified Framework for Understanding and Intervening on False News SharingPreprint
Gollwitzer, A., Tump, A. N., Martel, C., Deffner, D., Sultan, M., Kurvers, R. H. J. M., & Hertwig, R. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pxn29 · Cited by 19
Multitasking While Driving: Central Bottleneck or Problem State Interference?
Held, M., Rieger, J. W., & Borst, J. P. (2022) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/00187208221143857 · Cited by 22
Individual differences in Sternberg’s memory scanning task
Corbin, L., & Marquer, J. (2009) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.04.001 · Cited by 17
“It also shows how it is dangerous to average across participants as we do not ensure that all subjects use the same procedures (e.g., Marquer & Pereira, 1990a, 1990b, 2002; Newell, 1973; Townsend & Fific, 2004).”
BackgroundConstructing Expertise: Surmounting Performance Plateaus by Tasks, by Tools, and by Techniques
Gray, W. D., & Banerjee, S. (2021) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12575 · Cited by 17
Psychometric Artificial General Intelligence: The Piaget-MacGuyver Room
Bringsjord, S., & Licato, J. (2012) · Atlantis thinking machines · doi:10.2991/978-94-91216-62-6_3 · Cited by 17
“A final example [of such an approach] would be to take chess as the target super-task (Newell 1973: 303–304).”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive modeling in perspective
Simon, H. A., & Wallach, D. (1999) · Kognitionswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/bf03354931 · Cited by 17
Nicolson, R. I. (2002) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.218 · Cited by 17
Computational models of retrieval processes in sentence processingPreprint
Vasishth, S., Nicenboim, B., Engelmann, F., & Burchert, F. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e4jds · Cited by 17
Endowing a Cognitive Architecture with World Knowledge.
Salvucci, D. D. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 16
Curtis, E. T., & Jamieson, R. K. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818768502 · Cited by 16
“However, Newell (1973) provided perhaps the most famous argument for reunification.”
Cognitive Skills You Need for the 21st Century
Reed, S. K. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197529003.001.0001 · Cited by 16
Lin, C.-J., & Wu, C. (2012) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.697583 · Cited by 16
“Since Newell’s idea of unified theories of cognition that applies a model of a phenomenon to lots of diverse situations (Newell 1973), many typing models have been proposed to account for phenomena observed in transcription typing (Rumelhart and Norman 1982, John 1996, John 1998, Wu and Liu 2008b).”
BackgroundSome Metatheoretical Reflections on Adaptive Decision Making and the Strategy Selection Problem
Marewski, J. N., Bröder, A., & Glöckner, A. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2075 · Cited by 21
Robinson, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.031 · Cited by 18
Coltheart, M. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007615 · Cited by 16
“To dichotomize in this rigid all-or-none fashion may well be a consequence of our tendency to exaggerate and catagorize continua in terms of their extremities (cf. Newell 1973).”
The analytic/holistic distinction applied to the speech of patients with hemispheric brain damage
Cooper, W. E. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007627 · Cited by 16
“To dichotomize in this rigid all-or-none fashion may well be a consequence of our tendency to exaggerate and catagorize continua in terms of their extremities (cf. Newell 1973).”
Uncovering mental structure through data-driven ontology discoveryPreprint
Eisenberg, I. W., Bissett, P. G., Enkavi, A. Z., Li, J. K., MacKinnon, D. P., Marsch, L. A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fvqej · Cited by 18
Pellert, M., Lechner, C. M., Wagner, C., Rammstedt, B., & Strohmaier, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jv5dt · Cited by 16
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Consensus and Controversy
McCrae, R. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.013 · Cited by 20
Cognition from life: the two modes of cognition that underlie moral behavior
Andringa, T., van den Bosch, K. A., & Wijermans, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00362 · Cited by 14
“As is typical for Psychology, this deep insight, associated with resilience buildup, could have been generalized to the role of the co-creation mode of cognition as we have defined it.”
MethodInfluentialMeasurement for evaluating the learnability and resilience of methods of cognitive work
Hoffman, R. R., Marx, M., Amin, R., & McDermott, P. L. (2010) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220903386757 · Cited by 15
“Complexity has entailed issues for cognitive science, which George Miller summarised as ‘the dismembering of cognition’ (Miller 1986; see also Newell 1973, Jenkins 1974).”
BackgroundFrom Data to Wisdom: The Progression of Computational Learning in Text Mining
Schumaker, R. P. (2014) · Communications of the IIMA · doi:10.58729/1941-6687.1155 · Cited by 15
“These languages are further engineered to use logic and conditional operators (Newell, 1973) to mimic human ability and to simulate human behavior (Feigenbaum & Simon, 1962).”
Naka, M. (1999) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/1468-5884.00105 · Cited by 15
Developing reproducible and comprehensible computational models
Lane, P. C. R., & Gobet, F. R. (2003) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(02)00384-3 · Cited by 15
“Similar ideas have been raised elsewhere, at the level of theory formation [22] and experimental design [10].”
Three levels at which the user's cognition can be represented in artificial intelligence
Liefooghe, B., & van Maanen, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2022.1092053 · Cited by 21
“Cognitive theories and models may become invalid over time and are often restricted to a specific domain (e.g., attention, language,...) (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundA computational cognitive framework of spatial memory in brains and robots
Madl, T., Franklin, S., Chen, K., & Trappl, R. (2017) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.08.002 · Cited by 16
“…and can reproduce neural data, e.g. single-cell recordings or brain imaging results. to test and refine that theory”, supporting the arguments of Newell (1973) that “you can’t play 20 questions with nature and win”, highlighting the importance of systems-level research in the cognitive…”
ResultExplanations in cognitive science: unification versus pluralism
Miłkowski, M., & Hohol, M. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02777-y · Cited by 14
“Some even argued that unified theories of cognition should avoid fragmentation, isolationism, and ad hoc assumptions that seemed to plague cognitive psychology (Newell 1973).”
BackgroundKNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND EXPERTISE EVALUATION
Lundberg, C. G. (1989) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1989.00272.x · Cited by 14
Memory in Chains: Modeling Primacy and Recency Effects in Memory for Order
Altmann, E. M. (2000) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 14
Cerebral hemispheres: Specialized for the analysis of what?
Studdert‐Kennedy, M. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007718 · Cited by 14
AI Evaluation: past, present and futurePreprint
Hernández‐Orallo, J. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1408.6908 · Cited by 18
“humans, their use for evaluating machines has been suggested many times, even since the early days of AI, with the goal of constructing “a single program that would take a standard intelligence test” [131]. More recently, their use has been vindicated by Bringsjord and Schmimanski [20,19], under the so-called ‘Psychom…”
MethodThe observer's observer's paradox
Dale, R. A. C., & Vinson, D. W. (2013) · Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/0952813x.2013.782987 · Cited by 13
“This solution, with a long history, considers some theoretical perspectives fundamentally distinct, mutually incompatible and therefore susceptible to the momentum of empirical mitigation that one expects in the sciences (Leahey, 2001; Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundRubin, D. C. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511626999.017 · Cited by 13
Demidenko, M. I., Weigard, A. S., Ganesan, K., Jang, H., Jahn, A., Huntley, E. D., & Keating, D. P. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2093 · Cited by 18
“…predictive effect of select cognitive tasks and poor test– retest of univariate fMRI (Elliott et al., 2020) can contribute to the unreliable estimates of different task contrasts and the interchangeable use of contrasts will inevitably result in playing “20 questions with nature” (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundBurch, G. S. J., & Anderson, N. R. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.046 · Cited by 13
On laterality research and dichotomania
McKeever, W. F. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007676 · Cited by 13
“To dichotomize in this rigid all-or-none fashion may well be a consequence of our tendency to exaggerate and catagorize continua in terms of their extremities (cf. Newell 1973).”
Development of collective behavior in newborn artificial agentsPreprint
Lee, D., Wood, S. M. W., & Wood, J. N. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.03796 · Cited by 13
“cognitive science (28), psychology (58), and artificial intelligence (59) have argued that task-performing models are essential for gaining a mechanistic understanding of information processing in brains.”
Recognition-based judgments and decisions: Introduction to the special issue (II)
Marewski, J. N., POHL, R. F., & Vitouch, O. (2011) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500002059 · Cited by 13
Perspective in intentional action attribution
Feltz, A., Harris, M., & Perez, A. (2011) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2011.627540 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, it is widely accepted that in most cases one cannot make inferences about proximal judgment processes based on mean data when there are relevant individual differences (Estes, 1956; Molenaar & Campbell, 2009; Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundCriteria for the Design and Evaluation of Cognitive Architectures
Varma, S. (2011) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01190.x · Cited by 12
Semantics and Metaphysics in Informatics: Toward an Ontology of Tasks
Figdor, C. (2011) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01133.x · Cited by 12
Welcome to Cognitive Science: The Once and Future Multidisciplinary Society
Gray, W. D. (2019) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12471 · Cited by 12
“I would add to these discussions that at the beginning of time (i.e., “time” as the discipline of Cognitive Science measures it), Allen Newell warned an assemblage of largely Cognitive Psychologists that, “you can’t play 20 questions with nature and win” (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundComputational Models of Mentalizing
González, B., & Chang, L. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_15 · Cited by 12
Les troubles moteurs chez les enfants dyslexiques : revue de travaux et perspectives
Jover, M., Ducrot, S., Huau, A., Bellocchi, S., Brun-Hénin, F., & Mancini, J. (2013) · Enfance · doi:10.4074/s0013754513004023 · Cited by 12
“Dans ce dernier article en date, Nicolson et Fawcett (2011) invoquent Newell (1973) et s’associent à l’hypothèse selon laquelle les troubles des apprentissages pourraient constituer des points sur un continuum (Kaplan, et al., 1998; Pennington, 2006).”
Argus Prime: Modeling Emergent Microstrategies in a Complex, Simulated Task Environment
Schoelles, M. J. (1999) · Cited by 12
The Virtual Driver: Integrating Task Planning and Cognitive Simulation with Human Movement Models
Tsimhoni, O., & Reed, M. P. (2007) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2007-01-1766 · Cited by 12
“Printed in USA”
BackgroundInfluentialEvolutionary Media Psychology and Its Epistemological Foundation
Hennighausen, C., & Schwab, F. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1387-9_7 · Cited by 12
The Temporal Course of Visual Pattern Encoding: Effects of Pattern Goodness
Howe, E. S., & Brandau, C. J. (1983) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748308402150 · Cited by 12
Cognitive Robotics, Enactive Perception, and Learning in the Real World
Morse, A. F., & Tom Ziemke, B. (2007) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 12
Representations, processes, memory mechanisms: The basic components of cognition
Monsell, S. (1981) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science · doi:10.1002/asi.4630320518 · Cited by 12
Cognitivism and Future Theories of Action: Some Basic Issues
Stelmach, G. E., & Hughes, B. G. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69382-3_1 · Cited by 12
Geometric Methods in Developmental Research
Miller, K. F. (1987) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4694-7_7 · Cited by 12
Reich, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation · doi:10.1080/21650349.2022.2041889 · Cited by 12
“He titled his contribution ‘You can’t play 20 questions with nature and win’ (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundRosenbloom, P. S. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19907-3_35 · Cited by 11
“The notion of a cognitive architecture is even newer, being a form of computational architecture that originated in analogy to computer architecture, with Allen Newell having played formative roles in both areas [13-14].”
BackgroundReflections on adversarial collaboration from the adversaries: was it worth it?
Isch, C. G., Tetlock, P. E., & Clark, C. J. (2025) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-025-09634-2 · Cited by 13
“…debate are essential parts of the scientific process, existing norms often result in incommensurate theories and a set of findings which, while each interesting and defensible on their own, cannot be “put together” or made sense of in aggregate (Newell, 1973; Meehl, 1990; Almaatouq et al., 2024).”
Exploratory mapping of theoretical landscapes through word use in abstracts
Kallens, P. C., & Dale, R. A. C. (2018) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-018-2811-x · Cited by 12
“These theoretical points of conflict have been famously lamented early in its history (Newell 1973).”
BackgroundCognitive & motor skill transfer across speeds: A video game study
Gianferrara, P. G., Betts, S., & Anderson, J. R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258242 · Cited by 13
“This perspective is consistent with Allen Newell’s recommendation that we study tasks that are a “genuine slab of human behavior” [55].”
ResultEvolutionary Personality Psychology
Lewis, D. M. G., Al-Shawaf, L., & Buss, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.022 · Cited by 11
Pervasive Episodic Memory: Evidence from a Control-of-Attention Paradigm
Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315782416-18 · Cited by 11
Social cognition, artifact and the passing of the so-called crisis in social psychology.
Adair, J. G. (1991) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0079016 · Cited by 11
The macro-architecture hypothesis: Modifying Newell’s system levels to include macro-cognition
West, R. L., & MacDougall, K. (2014) · Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures · doi:10.1016/j.bica.2014.03.009 · Cited by 11
El papel de la memoria de trabajo en la adquisición lectora en niños de habla castellana
Navalón, C., Ato, M., & Anta, R. R. (1989) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1080/02103702.1989.10822229 · Cited by 11
The social cognitive actor: a multi-actor simulation of organisations
Helmhout, M. (2006) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 11
Hemisphere specialization: Definitions, not incantations
Brownell, H., & Gardner, H. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007573 · Cited by 11
“To dichotomize in this rigid all-or-none fashion may well be a consequence of our tendency to exaggerate and catagorize continua in terms of their extremities (cf. Newell 1973).”
An active vision computational model of visual search for human-computer interaction
Hornof, A. J., & Halverson, T. (2008) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 11
Explaining hemispheric asymmetry: New dichotomies for old?
Cohen, G. M. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007603 · Cited by 11
“To dichotomize in this rigid all-or-none fashion may well be a consequence of our tendency to exaggerate and catagorize continua in terms of their extremities (cf. Newell 1973).”
Golan, T., Taylor, J., Schütt, H., Peters, B., Sommers, R. P., Seeliger, K., Doerig, A., Linton, P., Konkle, T., van Gerven, M., et al. (2023) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x23001553 · Cited by 12
From Empirical Problem-Solving to Theoretical Problem-Finding Perspectives on the Cognitive Sciences
Adolfi, F., van de Braak, L., & Woensdregt, M. (2024) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-024-00216-6 · Cited by 12
“Similarly, in research reports, cognitive scientists are more likely to discuss how empirical phenomena (empirical problems) are predicted (solved), less so how empirical or theoretical problems are found or how the latter are dealt with (see also Newell 1973).”
Plastic neuroscience: studying what the brain cares about
Dumit, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00176 · Cited by 12
“(Newell, 1973, 8)3.”
Fractal and recurrence analysis of psycholinguistic data
Wallot, S., O'BRIEN, B. A., & Orden, G. C. V. (2012) · Benjamins current topics · doi:10.1075/bct.47.18wal · Cited by 10
“!ese must be abducted and then tested using additional manipulations to rule out competing hypotheses, e"ectively playing a form of 20 questions with nature (cf. Newell, 1973).”
MethodThematic Correlation of Human Cognition and Artificial Intelligence
Ruhela, S. (2019) · Amity International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AICAI) · doi:10.1109/aicai.2019.8701337 · Cited by 10
Reflections on the Study of Expertise and Its Implications for Tomorrow’s World
Ward, P., Schraagen, J. M., Gore, J., Roth, E. M., Hoffman, R. R., & Klein, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795872.013.52 · Cited by 13
A Review on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience: Overview, Models, and Applications
Sarishma, D., Sangwan, S., Tomar, R., & Srivastava, R. (2021) · EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78284-9_10 · Cited by 10
Development of Personality across the Life Span
Atherton, O. E., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.017 · Cited by 15
Limits of Computational Explanation of Cognition
Miłkowski, M. (2012) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31674-6_6 · Cited by 10
Chapter 16 The Laboratory and the World Outside
Heuer, H. (1988) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62566-2 · Cited by 10
Paradoxes of learning and memory
Roediger, H. L., III, & Butler, A. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511978098.010 · Cited by 10
“We report interesting puzzles, we explore them experimentally, we root around in them for a while, and then we move on to the next puzzle (as has been pointed out by critics; e.g. Newell, 1973).”
Temporal processing and the left hemisphere
Carmon, A. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007597 · Cited by 10
“To dichotomize in this rigid all-or-none fashion may well be a consequence of our tendency to exaggerate and catagorize continua in terms of their extremities (cf. Newell 1973).”
Eyewitness testimony and memory distortion
Manning, C. G., & Loftus, E. F. (1996) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.1996.tb00003.x · Cited by 10
Fuller, H. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 10
Software engineering and the SP Theory of IntelligencePreprint
Wolff, J. G. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1708.06665 · Cited by 10
Pirolli, P. L. T., Lebiere, C. J., & Orr, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981983 · Cited by 9
“A wide variety of cognitive architectures have been proposed over the last five decades since the concept was proposed as a unification of functionality-specific models to provide an integrated account of human cognition (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundIs premature theorizing hurting skill acquisition research?
Ranganathan, R., & Driska, A. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1185734 · Cited by 11
“In these cases, the strategy of having theories compete by constructing these binary oppositions is less likely to advance science (12).”
BackgroundClarifying status of DNNs as models of human vision
Bowers, J. S., Malhotra, G., Dujmović, M., Montero, M. L., Tsvetkov, C., Biscione, V., Puebla, G., Adolfi, F., Hummel, J. E., Heaton, R. F., et al. (2023) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x23002777 · Cited by 11
THE B-I-C-A OF BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED COGNITIVE ARCHITECTURES
Stocco, A., Lebiere, C. J., & Samsonovich, A. V. (2010) · International Journal of Machine Consciousness · doi:10.1142/s1793843010000552 · Cited by 9
Allen Newell's Program of Research: The Video‐Game Test
Gobet, F. R. (2017) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12265 · Cited by 9
“But just like the experimental papers discussed by Newell (1973), the papers in this issue tend to focus on data collection and analysis and not on theory development.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSAwSu: An Integrated Model of Associative and Reinforcement Learning
Veksler, V. D., Myers, C. W., & Gluck, K. A. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12103 · Cited by 10
Instance-based learning: a general model of repeated binary choice
Lejarraga, T. (2012) · Development in Learning Organizations An International Journal · doi:10.1108/dlo.2012.08126daa.003 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Newell, A.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Newell, Allen
- Venue
- Visual Information Processing
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1973
- Pages
- 283-308
- OpenAlex
- W95274681
- Cited by
- 820
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 14.70
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KiltHub Repository
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Cybernetics and Technology in Society
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Scientific Research and Philosophical Inquiry
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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