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YOU CAN'T PLAY 20 QUESTIONS WITH NATURE AND WIN: PROJECTIVE COMMENTS ON THE PAPERS OF THIS SYMPOSIUM
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“Understanding brain information processing requires that we build computational models that are capable of performing cognitive tasks.”
From Cognitive computational neuroscience (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
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“However, experiments will yield theoretical insight only when employed to test brain-computational models.”
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“Only synthesis in a computer simulation can reveal what the interaction of the proposed component mechanisms actually entails and whether it can account for the cognitive function in question.”
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Citations
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“Newell (1973) argued that with a diverse collection of small experimental tasks, it is challenging to provide the integration that we—as cognitive scientists—seek, and one way to get around that is to develop “one program for many tasks,” i.e., a single system that would be able to perform a set of…”
The Struggle Is Real: Challenges and Solutions in Theory Building
Conway, A. R. A., Kovacs, K., Hao, H., Goring, S. A., & Schmank, C. J. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1853468 · Cited by 4
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Bridewell, W. B., & Isaac, A. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niab010 · Cited by 4
“These two constraints are drawn from Allen Newell’s original program for computationalism: the simulation of increasingly realistic behavior by empirically informed models (Newell 1973).”
MethodBornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., Esposito, G., & Pearson, R. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2023.1124037 · Cited by 5
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“The authors applied to macro-cognition the same criticism raised by [22] as to the epistemological value of creating di ff erent models for each cognitive phenomena.”
Kear, A., & Sasha, L. (2020) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2020.0110307 · Cited by 4
“Most prolifically, [51] has argued for their existence in his “twenty questions paper’’ with his program for cognitive modelling.”
BackgroundChat2Brain: A Method for Mapping Open-Ended Semantic Queries to Brain Activation Maps
Wei, Y., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Zhong, T., Zhao, L., Liu, Z., Ma, C., Zhang, S., Shang, M., Du, L., et al. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385933 · Cited by 4
“It is fitted using supervised machine learning on 13459 full-text publications and assembles results from the literature into brain activation maps using arbitrary queries with words from the vocabulary of 7547 neuroscience terms [16].”
MethodImages and constructs: can the neural correlates of self be revealed through radiological analysis?
Klein, S. B. (2013) · International journal of psychological research · doi:10.21500/20112084.727 · Cited by 4
“The idea that if we ask enough questions, nature will reveal her " truths " -an approach sometimes called the naïve Baconian empiricism – misrepresents of how science actually, or is supposed to, work (e.g., Klee, 1997; Newell, 1973).”
Middle School Students’ Approaches to Reasoning about Disconfirming Evidence
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West, R. L., Ward, L. M., Dudzik, K., Nagy, N., & Karimi, F. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91122-9_41 · Cited by 4
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“This is neither a fundamentally new proposal (c.f., Newell 1973, 1990) nor is it intended to discount the critical research that has been done and is still needed to understand specific phenomena in detail.”
BackgroundReed, S. K. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197529003.003.0015 · Cited by 4
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Pleskac, T. J., Dougherty, M. R. P., Rivadeneira, A. W., & Wallsten, T. S. (2008) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2008.08.003 · Cited by 5
“cognition (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundThe Power and Constraint Provided by an Integrative Cognitive Architecture
John, B. E., & Altmann, E. M. (1999) · Cited by 4
Application of Scheduling Methods in Designing Multimodal In-Vehicle Systems
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Sánchez, F. J. S. (2005) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 4
The applications of cognitive theory and science to HCI: A psychological perspective
Morrison, D. (1992) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447319209526025 · Cited by 4
“Consider the following quote from Newell (1973) who, when commenting on the progress of cognitive psychology, observed: .. .”
BackgroundHemispheric specialization and spatiotemporal interactions
Morgan, M. J. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00007688 · Cited by 4
Does hemispheric specialization of function reflect the needs of an executive side?
Nottebohm, F. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0000769x · Cited by 4
Jones, W. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23870 · Cited by 6
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Krauß, P., & Schilling, A. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.01914 · Cited by 4
“However, Allan Newell, one of the fathers of artificial intelligence, stated that “You can‘t play 20 questions with nature and win” [5].”
BackgroundThe racer's gaze: Visual strategy in high-speed sports expertise
Lappi, O., Pekkanen, J., Krajnc, A., Iacono, L., Remonda, A., & Veas, E. E. (2025) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.25.8.16 · Cited by 3
“…the kind of cross-examination of complex behavior though different parametrizations is especially valuable in gaining insight into the integration of perceptual–cognitive and motor processes and is conducive to revealing in detail the richness of genuine slabs of human behavior (Newell, 1973).”
Fast-and-frugal heuristics: analytical models of intuition
Katsikopoulos, K. V., & Gigerenzer, G. (2025) · IMA Journal of Management Mathematics · doi:10.1093/imaman/dpaf041 · Cited by 3
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“He expressed his concerns that psychology would never integrate the results of separate experiments into a unified theory of human cognition (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundMethodIs a science of the mind even possible? Reply to Logie (2018).
Engle, R. W., & Martin, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.10.002 · Cited by 3
“…in Strategy Use and Benefits of the Differential Perspective Another excellent point made by Logie (2018) is the need to ggregate subjects using the same strategies and the consequent roblems that can occur when data from subjects using differnt strategies are aggregated (see Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundA simple, dynamic extension of temporal motivation theory
Dishop, C. R. (2019) · Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/0022250x.2019.1666268 · Cited by 3
“I discussed each individually to avoid overwhelming the reader with equations, but I now move to the full goal sampling theory and place these aspects into a ‘control structure’ framework to demonstrate how this process develops over time (Meehl, 1967; Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundIvády, R. E., Felhősi, G., & Pléh, C. (2008) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/mpszle.63.2008.1.12 · Cited by 3
Cheng, P., & van Genuchten, E. (2018) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12606 · Cited by 3
“It has been well-established for some time that the strategies used on tasks constitute one key to explaining behaviour (Newell & Simon, 1972; Newell, 1990). Explanations have considered the extent to which behaviour can be attributed to characteristics of the cognitive architecture or the particular nature of strateg…”
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Schultheis, H., & Carlson, L. A. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.020 · Cited by 3
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“If psychology proceeds in an atheoretical manner, it is likely to offer ad hoc explanations and fail to be cumulative (Erdin, 2021; Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundTitone, D. A., Hernández‐Rivera, E., Iniesta, A., Beatty‐Martínez, A. L., & Gullifer, J. W. (2024) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x23002145 · Cited by 3
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“Most speculating in brain research takes after a separation and-vanquish methodology that has a tendency to create exceptionally particular hypotheses of an extremely restricted scope of marvels; this has changed little since the 8 .”
BackgroundDeveloping a macro cognitive common model test bed for real world expertise
Dudzik, K., West, R. L., & Young, J. T. (2018) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2018.11.056 · Cited by 3
“…architecture is to be implemented as a control structure for a full agent, requiring the linking of bands and system levels of cognition within a single cognitive model ([10, 11], see [1] for a review). system levels of cognition within a single cognitive model ([10, 11], see [1] for a review).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialModels of Personality Structure
Raad, B. D., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.012 · Cited by 4
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Driver Modeling for Simulation of Transportation Systems
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“In 1973, Allen Newell [54] recognized that decomposing the cognitive system into many elements may cause one to miss important links and interactions among elements.”
BackgroundMotivations and Goals in Developing Integrative Models of Human Cognition
Glenn Gunzelmann, A. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 3
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“Allen Newell, a Turing award recipient, once criticized the task-specific models that tackle a fragment of the overall cognitive modeling, indicating that it is hard to make cumulative progress with the fragmented approach (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundDenham, F. C., & Andringa, T. (2021) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2021.0314 · Cited by 5
“Already in 1973, Newell wondered about psychology’s ability to produce wonderful scientific papers (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundInfluentialPersonality in Cross-Cultural Perspective
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Computational Models: Why Build Them?
Simon, H. A. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/0470018860.s00017 · Cited by 3
Critical Notice: Deadly Tenacity and Almost Diabolical Cunning
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A moving average model for sequenced reaction-time data
Kadane, J. B., Larkin, J. H., & Mayer, R. H. (1981) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(81)90053-5 · Cited by 3
Science, sense and synergy: Response to commentators
Nicolson, R. I., & Reynolds, D. (2003) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.261 · Cited by 3
Psychodigms of Theory in Personality and Social Psychology
Heilizer, F. (1980) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1980.46.1.63 · Cited by 3
“The fervid value placed on diversity is not limited to cognitive social psychology; it resonates to the same value strongly held by others in psychology (e.g., Cronbach, 1975; Estes, 1957; Newell, 1973) and outside of psychology (e.g., Platt, 1966).”
BackgroundA Knowledge Based Model of Commodity Trading Expertise
Lundberg, G., Barna, A., & Zeman, K. R. (1987) · International Journal of Modelling and Simulation · doi:10.1080/02286203.1987.11760021 · Cited by 3
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Chapter 20 The Hierarchy Debate: Tema Con Variazioni
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“From a theoretical perspective, the goal of developing a comprehensive model of memory retrieval necessitates that we specify the control systems that operate on the memory representations (Newell, 1973).”
BackgroundCognitive models of reverse engineering processes
Cranford, E. A., Lebiere, C. J., Morrison, D. F., Kim, T. H., Rego, J., Marsh, B. M., Levy, M. M., Barbieux, A., Maldonado, F., Fugate, S. J., et al. (2026) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2026.101444 · Cited by 2
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“In this way—by first formalizing a theory and then implementing the specification computationally—we create task-performing models (Kriegeskorte & Douglas, 2018; Lake, Ullman, Tenenbaum, & Gershman, 2017; Newell, 1973): executable theories which generate their own precise predictions.”
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“Allen Newell was one of the first people to draw attention to the problems of fragmentation in cognitive science in his famous paper “You can’t play 20 questions with nature and win” [61].”
BackgroundAnalysis of Mental Processes Represented in Models of Artificial Consciousness
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Metadata
- Authors
- Newell, A.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Newell, Allen
- Venue
- Visual Information Processing
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1973
- Pages
- 283-308
- OpenAlex
- W95274681
- Cited by
- 820
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 14.70
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KiltHub Repository
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Cybernetics and Technology in Society
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
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About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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