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Polysaccharides of the red algae
Abstract
Red algae (Rhodophyta) are known as the source of unique sulfated galactans, such as agar, agarose, and carrageenans. The wide practical uses of these polysaccharides are based on their ability to form strong gels in aqueous solutions. Gelling polysaccharides usually have molecules built up of repeating disaccharide units with a regular distribution of sulfate groups, but most of the red algal species contain more complex galactans devoid of gelling ability because of various deviations from the regular structure. Moreover, several red algae may contain sulfated mannans or neutral xylans instead of sulfated galactans as the main structural polysaccharides. This chapter is devoted to a description of the structural diversity of polysaccharides found in the red algae, with special emphasis on the methods of structural analysis of sulfated galactans. In addition to the structural information, some data on the possible use of red algal polysaccharides as biologically active polymers or as taxonomic markers are briefly discussed.
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“Sulfated galactans such as agar, agarose and carrageenans usually contain repeating disaccharides of β-(1→3)-linked and α-(1→4)-linked galactopyranosyl (Galp) residues.”
From Anticancer and Cancer Preventive Properties of Marine Polysaccharides: Some Results and Prospects (2013) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Usov, 1996, Polysaccharides of algae. 49. Isolation of alginate, sulfated xylogalactan, and floridean starch from calcareous red alga Bossiella cretacea (P. et R.) Johansen (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae), Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem., 22, 106
- Usov, 1972, Polysaccharides of algae. 10. Periodate oxidation of a polysaccharide from Laingia pacifica Yamada, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 42, 1623
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- Usov, 1975, Polysaccharides of algae. 19. Partial methanolysis of sulfated polysaccharides of the red alga Rhodomela larix (Turn.) C.Ag., Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 1, 511
- Usov, 1997, Elashvili, Polysaccharides of algae. 51. Partial reductive hydrolysis of a sulfated galactan from the red alga Laurencia coronopus J.Ag. (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae), Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem., 23, 468
- Bhattacharjee, 1979, Spectroscopic analysis of agar-type polysaccharides, Vol. 1, 645
- Welty, 1977, Carrageenans. Part 12. The 300 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of methyl β-d-galactopyranoside, methyl 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactopyranoside, agarose, κ-carrageenan, and segments of ι-carrageenan and agarose sulphate, J. Chem. Res.
- Shashkov, 1977, Carbon-13 NMR spectra of methyl 3,6-anhydro-α-d-galactopyranoside and its methyl ethers, Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 3, 35
- Usov, 1977, Synthesis of methyl 3-O-methyl- and 3,6-di-O-methyl-β-d-galactopyranosides, Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 3, 554
- Usov, 1978, Polysaccharides of algae. 28. Application of 13C-NMR spectroscopy for structural studies of galactan from the red seaweed Grateloupia divaricata Okam., Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 4, 1085
- Shashkov, 1981, Determination of the absolute configuration of sugars in oligo- and polysaccharides using glycosylation effects in 13C-NMR spectra, Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 7, 746
- Shashkov, 1978, Polysaccharides of algae. 24. Application of 13C-NMR spectroscopy for structural analysis of polysaccharides of the agar group, Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 4, 57
- Yarotsky, 1978, Polysaccharides of algae. 25. Application of 13C-NMR spectroscopy for structural analysis of κ-carrageenan group polysaccharides,, Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 4, 537
- Kochetkov, 1992, A programme SCAN for the 13C NMR-based structural analysis of linear polysaccharides using personal computer, Bioorg. Khim., 18, 116
- Miller, 2001, The structure of the carrageenan extracted from the tetrasporophytic form of Stenogramme interrupta as determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy, Bot. Mar., 44, 583
- Yaphe, 1966, The purification and properties of an agarase from a marine bacterium, Pseudomonas atlantica, Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp., 5, 333
- Duckworth, 1969, Specificity studies on the agarase from a Cytophaga species, Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp., 6, 435
- Usov, 1981, Polysaccharides of algae. 31. Enzymic hydrolysis of agar-like polysaccharide from the red seaweed Rhodomela larix (Turn.) C. Ag, Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 7, 572
- Benitez, 1979, Partial purification of a carrageenase from the tropical sea urchin Diadema setosum, Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp., 9, 353
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- Johnston, 1969, Immunochemistry of carrageenans, Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp., 6, 507
- Gretz, 1991, Ultrastructural immunogold localization of carrageenan in the Golgi complex of Agardhiella subulata, J. Phycol., 27, 26
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- Usov, 1975, Polysaccharides of algae. 16. Study of the structure of the sulfated mannan from the red alga Nemalion vermiculare Sur., Zh. Obshch. Khim., 45, 916
- Usov, 1975, Polysaccharides of algae. 18. Acetolysis of sulfated mannan from Nemalion vermiculare Sur., Zh. Obshch. Khim., 45, 1377
- Usov, 1975, Polysaccharides of algae. 21. Alkaline degradation of sulfated mannan from the red alga Nemalion vermiculare Sur, Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 1, 700
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- Miller, 1997, The chemotaxonomic significance of the water-soluble red algal polysaccharides, Recent Res. Dev. Phytochem., 1, 531
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Metadata
- Authors
- Usov, A. I.
- Affiliations
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Usov, Anatolii I.
- Venue
- Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 65
- Pages
- 115-217
- ISSN
- 0065-2318 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W17843683
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 703
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 36.52
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
- Keywords
- red algae, sulfated galactans, agar, agarose, carrageenan, xylan, polysaccharide structure, polysaccharide structure elucidation, biologically active polymers, taxonomic markers
- MeSH terms
- Rhodophyta, Carrageenan, Cellulose, Enzymes, Galactans, Hydrolysis, Mannans, Methylation, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Oxidation-Reduction, Periodic Acid, Polysaccharides, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Mass Spectrometry, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Xylans
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