Encephalomyocarditis virus infection of captive elephants
Abstract
SUMMARY: Four African elephants at each of 2 widely separated zoologie gardens in Florida died following a fulminating illness. Tissue suspensions obtained from an elephant from each of the zoologic gardens were inoculated into newborn mice, 3- to 4-week-old mice, and buffalo green monkey and baby hamster kidney cell cultures. Encephalitis and myocarditis developed in the mice. The cell cultures were destroyed within 24 to 72 hours, and intracytoplasmic viral inclusions were observed in infected cells by electron microscopy. The viral agent was neutralized by known antiserum to encephalomyocarditis virus.
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EMCV outbreaks in zoos, involving a myriad of mammal species, have been reported from Australia, Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America, making the virus a worldwide problem in zoological settings.
“EMCV outbreaks in zoos – involving a myriad of mammal species such as primates, ungulates, carnivores, rodents, and marsupials – have been reported from Australia, Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America, making the virus a worldwide problem in zoological settings [16,22–29].”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
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Canelli, E., Luppi, A., Lavazza, A., Lelli, D., Sozzi, E., Moreno Martin, A. M., Gelmetti, D., Pascotto, E., Sandri, C., Magnone, W., et al. (2010) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/1743-422x-7-64 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hunter, P., Swanepoel, S. P., Esterhuysen, J. J., Raath, J. P., Bengis, R. G., & van der Lugt, J. J. (1998) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00158-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Yeo, D. S.-Y., Lian, J. E., Fernandez, C. J., Lin, Y.-N., Liaw, J. C.-W., Soh, M.-L., Lim, E. A.-S., Chan, K.-P., Ng, M.-L., Tan, H.-C., et al. (2013) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/1743-422x-10-248 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in small laboratory rodents
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Lamglait, B., Joris, A., Romey, A., Bakkali-Kassimi, L., & Lemberger, K. (2015) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/2014-0132r1.1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fatal Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection in a Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii)
Citino, S. B., Homer, B. L., Gaskin, J. M., & Wickham, D. J. (1988) · The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine · doi:10.2307/20094890 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationRomey, A., Lamglait, B., Blanchard, Y., Touzain, F., Quenault, H., Relmy, A., Zientara, S., Blaise-Boisseau, S., & Bakkali-Kassimi, L. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/1040638720978389 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection in Zoo Animals.
Backues, K. A. (2008) · Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-141604047-7.50012-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Adhikari, A., Feng, K. H., Shrestha, A., Rodriguez, C. E., Nolan, E. C., Pye, G. W., Gauger, P. C., Denagamage, T., Holmes, E. C., & Allison, A. B. (2026) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013861 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Despite many fatal outbreaks of EMCV within zoological parks in the United States within the last 50 years [16,19,22,23,63], the specific species of rodent reservoir and/or amplifying hosts responsible for spreading the virus to zoo animals have not been identified.”
Influential
- Authors
- Simpson, C. F., Lewis, A. L., & Gaskin, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- From the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32610 (Simpson, Gaskin), and from the State of Florida, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, Tampa, Fl 33614 (Lewis).
- ORCID
- Simpson, Charles F.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
- Published
- 1977-11-01
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 902-905
- ISSN
- 0003-1488 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4409128266
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- encephalomyocarditis virus, Loxodonta africana, captive elephants, zoo animals, encephalitis, myocarditis, virus isolation, cell culture, mouse inoculation, neutralizing antibodies, wildlife disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Zoo, Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral, Elephants, Encephalomyocarditis virus, Enterovirus Infections, Heart, Mice
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