The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measurement invariance across young adults from Hong Kong and Taiwan among three internet-related addiction scales: Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part A)
Open accessAbstract
Internet addiction has been found to be prevalent worldwide, including Asian countries, and related to several negative outcomes and other behavioral addictions. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), and nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) have been extensively used to assess internet-related addictions. However, the three aforementioned instruments have rarely been used in Asian countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the BSMAS, SABAS, and IGDS-SF9 were appropriate for use in heterogeneous subsamples from Hong Kong and Taiwan. University students from Hong Kong (n = 306) and Taiwan (n = 336) were recruited via an online survey. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was used to assess measurement invariance of the BSMAS, SABAS, and IGDS-SF9 across the two subcultures. The original unidimensional structures of BSMAS, SABAS and IGDS-SF9 were confirmed through confirmatory factorial analysis in both subcultures. The MGCFA results showed that the unidimensional structures of the BSMAS and IGDS-SF9 were invariant across the two Chinese cultural areas (Hong Kong and Taiwan). However, the measurement invariance of the SABAS was established after some model modifications. In conclusion, the present study found that the Chinese BSMAS, SABAS, and IGDS-SF9 were all adequate instruments to validly assess internet-related addictions among university students. The three brief instruments used for assessing addictions to social media, smartphone applications, and online gaming are valid and psychometrically robust across two Chinese subcultures and can be used by healthcare professionals in these regions.
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“The BFAS and BSMAS have been translated into multiple languages, such as Chinese (Leung et al., 2020), Persian (Hosseini, Momeni, Vatanparast, Hosseinzadeh, & Rabani, 2020), Polish (Błachnio & Przepiorka, 2016), and Turkish (Uysal, Satici, & Akin, 2013).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Leung, H., Pakpour, A. H., Strong, C., Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, M.-C., Griffiths, M. D., Lin, C.-Y., & Chen, I.-H.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital (TW)
- National Taipei University of Education (TW)
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- Qufu Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Chung-Ying
- ORCID
- Venue
- Addictive Behaviors
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 101
- Pages
- 105969
- ISSN
- 0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2941523253
- Semantic Scholar
- 69ecdf915be4d6682db4658ea658e8fff48a1d0a
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 54.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- urn.kb.se
- Licence
- Locations
- Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- social media addiction, smartphone addiction, internet gaming disorder, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, measurement invariance, cross-cultural validation, Hong Kong, Taiwan, university students, behavioral addiction
- MeSH terms
- Internet Addiction Disorder, Adult, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Students, Taiwan, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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