Cited by 2,064Psychometric Methodologies and TestingEducational Assessment and PedagogyStatistical Methods and Bayesian Inference

A checklist for testing measurement invariance

van de Schoot, Rens, Lugtig, Peter, Hox, Joop·2012·European Journal of Developmental Psychology

Abstract

The analysis of measurement invariance of latent constructs is important in research across groups, or across time. By establishing whether factor loadings, intercepts and residual variances are equivalent in a factor model that measures a latent concept, we can assure that comparisons that are made on the latent variable are valid across groups or time. Establishing measurement invariance involves running a set of increasingly constrained structural equation models, and testing whether differences between these models are significant. This paper provides a step-by-step guide to analysing measurement invariance.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/17405629.2012.686740

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J.
Affiliations
Utrecht University (NL)
Venue
European Journal of Developmental Psychology
Published
2012-07
Volume
9
Issue
4
Pages
486-492
ISSN
  • 1740-5610 (ISSN-L)
  • 1740-5629
OpenAlex
W2166159176
Cited by
2,064
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 138 · 2025: 170 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 233 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 234 · 2020: 189 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 136 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 9
FWCI
67.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • European Journal of Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
  • Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Keywords
measurement invariance, latent constructs, factor loadings, intercepts, residual variance, structural equation modeling, cross-group comparison, longitudinal assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review