The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The tumor EPR effect for cancer drug delivery: Current status, limitations, and alternatives
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect has been considered the basis of tumor-targeted drug delivery. Various cancer nanomedicines, including macromolecular drugs, have been designed to utilize this mechanism for preferential extravasation and accumulation in solid tumors. However, such nanomedicines have not yet achieved convincing therapeutic benefits in clinics. Increasing evidence suggests that the EPR effect is over-represented in human tumors, especially in metastatic tumors. This review covers the evolution of the concept, the heterogeneity and limitation of the EPR effect in clinical realities, and prospects for alternative strategies independent of the EPR effect.
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Cites
Normalization of Tumor Vasculature: An Emerging Concept in Antiangiogenic Therapy
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Tumor targeting via EPR: Strategies to enhance patient responses
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Cited by
Xu, M., Qi, Y., Liu, G., Song, Y., Jiang, X., & Du, B. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c05853 · Cited by 632
Jiang, X., Xu, S., Miao, Y., Huang, K., Wang, B., Ding, B., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Z., Zhang, X., Shi, X., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2319880121 · Cited by 57
Yang, Z., Shao, B., Wang, D., Chen, H., Zhao, X., Zeng, M., Liu, Y., Li, Q., & Bi, Z. (2026) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123787 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, R., Xiang, J., Zhou, Q., Piao, Y., Tang, J., Shao, S., Zhou, Z., Bae, Y. H., & Shen, Y.
- Venue
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 191
- Pages
- 114614
- ISSN
- 0169-409X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4308259595
- Cited by
- 433
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Sun, R., Xiang, J., Zhou, Q., Piao, Y., Tang, J., Shao, S., Zhou, Z., Bae, Y. H., & Shen, Y. (2022). The tumor EPR effect for cancer drug delivery: Current status, limitations, and alternatives. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114614
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