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Longitudinal associations between sexting, cyberbullying, and bullying among adolescents: Cross‐lagged panel analysis
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Introduction: While adolescent sexting, or the sending of sexually explicit images, has been cross‐sectionally associated with bullying and cyberbullying, there is a lack of longitudinal studies in this area. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the longitudinal link between sexting and 1) traditional, in‐person, bullying victimization and 2) cyberbullying victimization. Methods: We used data from a longitudinal study of ethnically diverse adolescents recruited from multiple public high schools in southeast Texas. Three waves of data were used (T2, T3 and T4). Cross‐lagged panel analysis was performed in Mplus to analyze the data. Results & Conclusions: Cross‐lagged panel analyses identified autoregressive effects for all three variables, and cross‐lagged effects for cyberbullying. Sexting was associated with subsequent cyberbullying victimization across all time points, and T3 cyberbullying victimization was associated with engagement in sexting one year later. Furthermore, T2 cyberbullying victimization indirectly associated with T4 sexting via T3 cyberbullying victimization. For traditional bullying, a cross‐lagged effect was found between T3 sexting and T4 offline bullying victimization. Although T2 sexting did not directly link to subsequent traditional bullying victimization, a significant mediation effect was identified such that T3 sexting mediated the effects of T2 sexting on T4 traditional bullying victimization. Results show that sexting adolescents may be at risk for (cyber)bullying victimization and highlight the need to address both sexting and bullying in prevention and intervention efforts.
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“It is characterized by pressure, threats, or manipulation by same-age partners to obtain sexual images or interactions, often embedded in dating dynamics and broader cyber-dating abuse (2, 30, 31).”
From Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
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Jin, S., Li, B., Hu, G., Lian, Z., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251398431 · Cited by 2
Sexting and Sextortion in Adolescents: Essentials for the PNP
Chiocca, E. M., Hornor, G., & Sidberry, R. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2025.07.017
Pediatric emergency medicine providers’ experience with digital sexual exposure and abuse
Reich, S. M., Starks, A., Zhu, J., & Brindis, S. L. (2026) · Pediatric Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.2196/preprints.91305
Development and Characteristics of Sexting from Age 14 to 18 Years in a Norwegian Birth Cohort
Steinsbekk, S., Nesi, J. L., Choukas‐Bradley, S., & Wichstrøm, L. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-026-03413-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Van Ouytsel, J., Lu, Y., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Temple, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Communication Studies University of Antwerp Sint‐Jacobsstraat 2 2000 Antwerp Belgium
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Ghent University (BE)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescence
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-04-05
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-41
- ISSN
- 0140-1971 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9254
- PMC
- PMC6597258
- OpenAlex
- W2928621846
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 17.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD059916)
- National Institute of Justice (2012‐WG‐BX‐0005, 2012-WG-BX-0005)
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Research Foundation - Flanders
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Keywords
- adolescent sexting, cyberbullying, traditional bullying, bullying victimization, cyber victimization, mediation, adolescents, high school students
- MeSH terms
- Cyberbullying, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Schools, Texas, Crime Victims
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