Homophobia is online: Sexual victimization and risks on the internet and mental health among bisexual, homosexual, pansexual, asexual, and queer adolescents
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The first aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and frequency of different forms of online sexual victimization and risks among sexual minorities, including sexting, sexual orientation- and gender-based victimization, unwanted sexual attention, sextortion, and revenge porn. The second aim was to examine whether online sexual victimization and risks mediate the relationship between being a sexual minority and mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety. The sample was composed of 1779 adolescents (50.9% girls) between 12 and 18 years old (mean age = 13.92, SD = 1.27), and 146 of them (8.2%) were sexual minorities (specifically, bisexual, homosexual, pansexual, asexual, or queer adolescents). About 17.3% of sexual minority adolescents have sent a sext. Four out of ten adolescents (41.1%) had experienced online sexual orientation discrimination and 28.4% gender-based victimization. More than forty percent (45.2%) experienced unwanted sexual attention, 9% were victims of sextortion, and 5.5% had been targets of revenge porn. Sexting, online sexual orientation victimization and gender-based victimization, and unwanted sexual attention partially mediated the relationship between being a sexual minority and mental health outcomes (i.e., depression and anxiety). More prevention programs aimed to reduce online sexual victimization and risks for sexual minorities are needed.
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Findings across these studies show that sexual minorities were more likely to experience sextortion victimization than their heterosexual counterparts.
“Findings across these studies show that sexual minorities were more likely to experience sextortion victimization than their heterosexual counterparts (Eaton et al., 2022; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Henry et al., 2019; Pacheco et al., 2019; Patchin & Hinduja, 2020).”
From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021
A preliminary version of the forms of victimization has shown adequate exploratory factorial validity in a previous study.
“A preliminary version of the forms of victimization has shown adequate exploratory factorial validity in a previous study (Gámez -Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
From Assessing image-based sexual abuse: Measurement, prevalence, and temporal stability of sextortion and nonconsensual sexting (“revenge porn”) among adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as Gámez -Guadix & Incera, 2021
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“In the field of TFGSV, information on the function of vio - lence is scarce, as most research has focused on victimization and capturing and assessing the heterogeneity of forms that aggression can take (e.g., Cripps, 2016; Gámez-Guadix & Íncera, 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOuytsel, J. V., & Dhoest, A. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107031 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bedrosova, M. J., Dufková, E., Macháčková, H., Huang, Y., & Blaya, C. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241275971 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Specifically, this concerns the relationship between negative well-being outcomes (e.g., depressive and anxiety symptoms, feeling worried and on guard), exposure, and both types of victimization (e.g., Cano et al., 2021; English et al., 2020; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Tao & Fisher, 2022).”
InfluentialRisks and Protective Factors Associated to Homophobic Cyberbullying Among Youth
Amadori, A., Sherwood, S. H., Russell, S. T., & Brighi, A. (2025) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.70034 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Maimaitituoheti, A. (2022) · Workshop on Language Technology for Equality, Diversity, Inclusion (LT-EDI) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.ltedi-1.19 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The online environments of sexual and gender minority youth: Contexts of risk and resilience
Martin‐Storey, A., Lapointe, A. A., Girouard, A., Paquette, M., & Bergeron, S. (2022) · Journal of Family Strengths · doi:10.58464/2168-670x.1445 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Íncera-Fernández, D., Román, F. J., Moreno, S., & Gámez‐Guadix, M. (2023) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2023.2225245 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This theory states that sexual minorities are chronically exposed to different stress factors—such as prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and victimization—due to their sexual orientation (e.g. Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
Self-citationHOMO-MEX: A Mexican Spanish Annotated Corpus for LGBT+phobia Detection on Twitter
Vásquez, J., Andersen, S., Bel-Enguix, G., Gómez-Adorno, H., & Ojeda-Trueba, S.-L. (2023) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.woah-1.20 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lebedíková, M. Š., Olveira-Araujo, R., Mýlek, V., Šmahel, D., & Dědková, L. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108048 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Online Child Sexual Exploitation and the Role of Computer-Mediated Communication: A Scoping Review
Shiau, A. Y. A., Holden, O. L., Musacchio, S., Talwar, V., & Williams, S. (2024) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2024.2388655 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Outcomes of OSS included increased revictimization (Gámez-Guadix & Mateos-Pérez, 2019), symptoms of depression and anxiety (Dahlqvist & Gädin, 2018; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021), risk of developing psychopathology (Say et al., 2015), and lower health-related quality of life (Ortega-Barón et al.,…”
InfluentialMcCain, J. L., Herbst, J. H., Merrill-Francis, M., Willis, L. A., Miedema, S. S., & Shortt, J. W. (2024) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2024.2381457 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“LGBTQ+ youth are especially at risk for sextortion, as others may threaten to “out” them to family or friends (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
Chen, Y., & Chen, H. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241270081 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“We adapted Bedrosova et al. (2022) and Gámez-Guadix and Incera (2021)’s measurements and further divided them into two levels.”
Parzniewski, S., Luo, X., Ru, S., Ozbilge, N., Breen, K., & Wu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2025.1541039 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Miguel-Álvaro, A., Martínez‐Bacaicoa, J., Wachs, S., & Gámez‐Guadix, M. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-01071-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In addition, based on previous research findings (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021), we postulated that being a sexual minority would be associated with worse outcomes following victimization and that older people would suffer greater negative repercussions due to less normalization and familiarity with…”
Self-citationNagy, L., Bergeron, S., Koós, M., Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., Vaillancourt‐Morel, M., Kraus, S. W., Potenza, M. N., Demetrovics, Z., Dupuis-Fortier, F., Ballester‐Arnal, R., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100535 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Biernesser, C. L., Win, E., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Rose, M., & Goldstein, T. R. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584251330809 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Online sexual harassment, such as unwelcomed and inappropriate sexual remarks or advances, is reported among 25% of LGBTQ + adolescents (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021), considerably higher than estimates from national surveys, on which 15% of adolescents ages 10 to 18 report online sexual harassment…”
Gámez‐Guadix, M., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2025) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1177/02103702251358182 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…y discriminación por razón de género incluyen el acoso basado en la identidad de género, los roles de género o la expresión de género, así como el acoso y la discriminación contra personas en función de su orientación sexual o su pertenen-cia a una minoría sexual (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
Self-citationSchroeder, G. E., McMillan, I. F., Jules, B. N., & Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231225522 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This is particularly concerning given that SM are at increased risk for victimization from intimate partner violence (IPV), including T-IPV such as revenge porn and cyber harassment (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Srivastava et al., 2022).”
BackgroundFalduti, M., & Tessaris, S. (2023) · Digital Threats Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3608483 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Otero, A. Á., & Pereda, N. (2025) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1177/02103702251341261 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…belonging to a sexual minority are also associated with a higher risk of online sexual victimization since many young people turn to the internet to explore their sexual behaviour and identity, which places them in a position of vulnerability to possible perpetrators (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
InfluentialCyberhate Dissemination: A Systematic Literature Map
Almaliki, M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3326254 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“%) consists of papers that offer Empirical Evidence related to the topic of this study such as behavioral studies, observational studies, experiments and surveys [17], [18], [19], [20].”
BackgroundCarson, I., Wu, W., Knopf, A., Crawford, C. A., & Zapolski, T. C. B. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02800-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Lastly, most research has focused on examining OHD among adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 (Ash-Houchen & Lo, 2018; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Kahle, 2020).”
InfluentialValidation of the Chinese version of the coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying scale
Chen, Q., Lu, Z., Liu, B., Xiao, Q., Zhu, Y., & Chan, K. L. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01766-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lin, H., Wang, Y., Wang, H., & Zheng, H. X. (2024) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2024.2364662 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Szczuka, J. M., & Mühl, L. (2024) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-024-00383-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alessi, E. J., Cheung, S., Dentato, M. P., Eaton, A. D., & Craig, S. L. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968221087072 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The ubiquity of digital media consumption has brought about considerable scholarly interest associated with the social bene fi ts of ICTs (Craig et al., 2021), as well as their positive and negative impact upon health and development (G´amez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Kaiser et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultLirola, F. V. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14090971 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Noon, E. J., Amadori, A., & Ioverno, S. (2025) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2025.2528897 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Researchers exploring this topic often modify scales regarding offline victimization (e.g., Wright et al., 2022), or develop their own scales based on existing qualitative evidence (e.g., Gamez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence and Health Correlates Among Gay Men in China
Zhang, J. (2025) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-025-01104-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This higher frequency of sexual victimization can seriously affect mental health and increase the frequency of substance use (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Hequem-bourg et al., 2011; Kammer-Kerwick et al., 2021; Lehavot & Simoni, 2011).”
InfluentialSexting Behaviors and Fear of Missing out Among Young Adults
Morelli, M., Ragona, A., Chirumbolo, A., Nappa, M. R., Babore, A., Trumello, C., Sciabica, G. M., & Cattelino, E. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040454 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The relationship between FoMO and each type of sexting behavior would be stronger among LGB+ individuals compared to heterosexual individuals (Bianchi et al., 2021b; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Kokkinos & Krommida, 2022; Morelli et al., 2024; Paquette et al., 2022).”
Gámez Guadix, M., Incera Fernández, D., Román, F. J., Mateos Pérez, E., Borrajo, E., & Martínez, K. (2023) · Revista española de drogodependencias · doi:10.54108/10059 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationChoi, J., Zhu, Y., & Kim, K. (2024) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2024.2398588 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McInroy, L. B., Scheadler, T. R., McDonald, M., Eaton, A. D., & Craig, S. L. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2541743 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Another study found 41% of sexual minority youth experienced discrimination via ICTs (compared to 3% of heterosexual youth) and 45% experienced unwanted sexual attention via ICTs (compared to 22% of heterosexual youth) (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence: Typologies, Prevalence, and Associated Variables
Gámez‐Guadix, M., & Martínez‐Bacaicoa, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31547-3_20 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationDurán-Guerrero, E., Nocentini, A., Menesini, E., & Sánchez-Jiménez, V. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070969 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Similar results were found also by Gámez-Guadix and Incera (2021) in their study on online victimisation.”
Cybersecurity Issues among High School Students: A Thematic Review
Diana, I., Ismail, I. A., & Noor, M. Z. M. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i14/18336 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“, 2018) / / 6 (Incera et al., 2021) / 7 (Bautista et al.”
Alonso-Fernández, M., Martínez‐Bacaicoa, J., Romero-Suárez, M., Mateos‐Pérez, E., & Gámez‐Guadix, M. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15121642 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationUmbach, R., & Henry, N. (2025) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaf033 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Martin‐Storey, A., Dirks, M. A., Holfeld, B. J., Craig, W., Paquette, G., Exner‐Cortens, D., Zaine, Y.-L. N., & Morgan, R. (2026) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2026.102138 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quayle, E., Schwannauer, M., Varese, F., Allsopp, K., Cartwright, K. L., Chan, C., Chitsabesan, P., Green, V., Hewins, W., Larkin, A., et al. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106883 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nothing for us, except by us – Support for queer ethnic young people in Aotearoa New Zealand
Nakhid, C., Long, T. S., Fu, M., Tuwe, M., Ali, Z. A., Vano, L., Subramanian, P., Yachinta, C., & Farrugia, C. (2024) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-11-2023-0387 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Safer Sexting Strategies in Technology-Mediated Sexual Interactions: Findings from a National Study
Rothmüller, B. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-01015-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Sexual and gender minority adolescents face even greater risks and safety concerns than their peers (Coyne et al., 2023; Jozsa et al., 2021), and experiences of online sexual victimization negatively impact the mental health of sexual minorities (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
Wongsomboon, V., Veldhuis, C. B., Gordon, J. D., & Macapagal, K. R. (2024) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2024.2387639 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Research has consistently shown that exposure to minority stressors, such as microaggressions and discrimination, is linked to increased rates of CDA victimisation in SGM youth and adults (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Ronzón-Tirado et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2023).”
Morelli, M., Rosati, F., Chirumbolo, A., Baiocco, R., Nappa, M. R., & Cattelino, E. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241303854 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Indeed, within the realm of sexting research, prior studies have demonstrated that LGB+ individuals are inclined to participate in risky sexting behaviors to a greater extent than heterosexual individuals (G´amez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Morelli et al., 2023).”
‘Risky visibility’: the online harassment of queer politicians
Stephenson, E., Williams, B., Mikołajczak, G., & Hayes, J. (2025) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/25151088y2025d000000075 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kalwani, N., Dietzel, C., & Dunn, S. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Communication · doi:10.3138/cjc-2024-0017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The 7th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH)
(2023) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.woah-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
BOU-Guard: Uma Abordagem para Detecção de Conteúdo Impróprio na Internet
Bou, G., Rocha, A. M., Quincozes, V. E., Quincozes, S. E., & Kazienko, J. F. (2023) · Simpósio Brasileiro de Cibersegurança (SBSeg) · doi:10.5753/sbseg_estendido.2023.235046 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Langarita, J. A., Méndez, R. L. P., & Montserrat, C. (2025) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691457.2025.2461624 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…through the internet, as other research has also shown (Gómez-Baya et al., 2022; O’Reilly et al., 2023) – something which also involves certain risks (Gámez-Guadiz & Incera, 2021; Tortajada et al., 2021) – and they do identify some supportive adult figures who act as allies (Fingerhut, 2011).”
Bragard, E., Paradise, D., & Fisher, C. B. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03185-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Sexting, defined as the sending of sexual text messages, images, or videos via online instant messaging platforms, occurs more frequently among sexual minority youth compared to heterosexual youth (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Howard et al., 2021; Needham, 2021; Van Ouytsel et al., 2019, 2020a, b).”
InfluentialVelicu, A., & Tőkés, G. E. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100871 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Garaigordobil, M., Mollo-Torrico, J. P., & Rodríguez-Enríquez, M. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13233119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vogler, S., Johns, M. M., Khanna, S., Lancaster, C., Sheridan-Johnson, J., Beach, L. B., & Mumford, E. A. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251399680 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alonso-Fernández, M., Wachs, S., Mateos‐Pérez, E., & Gámez‐Guadix, M. (2026) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1177/21522715261425526 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDigital Violations: Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence in Canadian Sport
Quinlan, A., & Fogel, C. (2026) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012261425945 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sextortion and suicide: Implications for adolescent image-based abuse
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107981 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Understanding Online Hate Toward Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review
Mariotto, M., Costa, S., Brango, N. D., Corbelli, G., Verbena, S., Palladino, B. E., Zuffianò, A., & Ioverno, S. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380261429520 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence: Typologies, Prevalence, and Associated Variables
Gámez‐Guadix, M., & Martínez‐Bacaicoa, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_20-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationCyber Risk among High School Students: A Thematic Review
Diana, I., Ismail, I. A., & Noor, M. Z. M. (2023) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v8i4.2251 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gurusamy, D., Janarthanan, M., & Chakrabarti, P. (2024) · Universal Journal of Public Health · doi:10.13189/ujph.2024.120115 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gámez Guadix, M., Incera-Fernández, D., Román González, F. J., Mateos-Pérez, E., Borrajo, E., & Martínez Rodríguez, K. (2023) · Revista española de drogodependencias · doi:10.54108/10060 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationStolle, L., & Lievens, E. (2023) · International Review of Law Computers & Technology · doi:10.1080/13600869.2023.2286558
“…and Coddington 2020; OSCE 2016; Stahel and Schoen 2019), cyber violence against sexual, ethnic and racial minorities (Francisco and Felmlee 2022; Gamez-Guadix and Incera 2021; Powell, Scott, and Henry 2020; Tong, Stoyche ff , and Mitra 2022), online hate against academics and scientists…”
Factores de riesgo vinculados a la cibervictimización en población joven y adolescente
Mora, J. G. M., & Moren, M. A. C. (2024) · Justicia · doi:10.17081/just.29.45.7116
Clancy, E. M., Thomas, B., Kelly, D., Hu, Y., & Klettke, B. (2026) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2026.103493
Meier, L. M., Westerhold, K., Edwards, C., Shaw, T. J., & Brem, M. J. (2025) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2024-0019
Technology Facilitated Sexual Violence in Adolescence
Gkantona, G., & Ntagkas, F. (2025) · Advances in social networking and online communities book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4191-9.ch008
Body-Focused Process and Sexting Among LGBTQ+ Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Dodaj, A., Sesar, K., Bošnjak, M., Šilić, N., Marušić, M., Leko, A., Topić, P., Vukoja, A., Šaravanja, M., & Benković, A. (2025) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2025.2541011
“Existing research suggests that it is more common and socially accepted among non-exclusively heterosexual adolescents Gámez-Guadix et al. (2017); Gámez-Guadix and Incera (2021); Hertlein et al. (2015); Kim et al. (2020); Ojeda et al. (2020); Van Ouytsel et al. (2019); Ybarra and Mitchell (2016).”
Amadori, A., Bullough, C., Eisenberg, M. E., Russell, S. T., & Brighi, A. (2025) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2025.2543845
“Despite existing quantitative research documenting the prevalence of online homophobia (Elipe et al., 2018; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Hinduja & Patchin, 2020), there remains a gap in understanding the social mechanisms that drive these behaviors.”
Durán-Guerrero, E., Sánchez, V., & Muñoz‐Fernández, N. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108889
CHEN, Q., LU, Z., Liu, B., Xiao, Q., Zhu, Y., & Chan, K. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26718519
Bystander Responses on Online Homophobic Bullying Among Adolescents and Youth: A Scoping Review
Basak, S., Farrell, N., Aşçı, S., Reynolds, M., & Norman, J. O. (2026) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2025.2603467
“%) experienced online sexual orientation discrimination (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
Unprotected and Unheard: Professionals’ Perspectives on Sexual Violence Against SGM Youth
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., Berkowitz, R., & Maoz, S. (2026) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2026.2615992
“Sexual violence victimization rates among SGM youth are even higher (Blackburn et al., 2023; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
‘Boys need to be strong’: A mixed method study on online gendered violence and regulation
Amadori, A., Russell, S. T., & Brighi, A. (2026) · International journal of LGBTQ+ youth studies. · doi:10.1080/29968992.2026.2618036
“In the specific context of gender based victimization, a study conducted among Spanish adolescents found that 28.4% of sexual minority adolescents reported experiencing online gender-based victimization, compared to just 8.8% of their heterosexual peers (Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021).”
InfluentialMental Health on Victims of Non-consensual Intimate Image-sharing: A Scoping Review
Almeida, T. C., Cardoso, J., Caridade, S., Pires, A. R., Matos, A. F., Costa, M., & Cunha, O. S. (2026) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-026-01312-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, K., & Chen, Q. (2026) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-026-00362-4
Zhang, J., Wu, Y., & Shi, X. (2026) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2026.2678903
- Authors
- Gámez-Guadix, M., & Incera, D.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 119
- Pages
- 106728
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3127618208
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 14.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Hispana (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Government of Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- online sexual victimization, sexual minorities, adolescents, sexting, sextortion, revenge porn, unwanted sexual attention, sexual orientation discrimination, depression, anxiety, mental health, mediation, homophobia, queer youth
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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