Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands
Open accessAbstract
There are a number of methods that can be used to help assess carbon budgets at the site to continental scales. Eddy covariance (EC) networks have been developed over the last decade and have been used to make many advances in our understanding. However, eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ and water vapour exchanges quantify the fluxes only on short time scales, but do not assess the impacts of long-term processes that contribute to biogeochemical cycling in croplands, such as harvest or residue removal and other management practices, so many other supplementary measurements are required to attribute different components of the carbon flux. Such methods include isotope studies, chamber flux measurements of C and other greenhouse gases, inventories of above- and below-ground biomass as well as management in- and outputs, book-keeping modelling, process modelling, experimental manipulation and earth observation (e.g. remote sensing). In this review, we summarise the component fluxes that make up the total cropland carbon budget, describe the key fluxes and methods used to estimate them, and examine how they need to be integrated to obtain the net ecosystem carbon budget of European croplands. We describe the uncertainties and difficulties inherent at each stage and how these can be minimised.
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Rasmussen, R., Vivekanandan, J., Cole, J., Myers, B. B., & Masters, C. O. (1999) · Journal of applied meteorology · doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Analysis of the 2001 lava flow eruption of Mt. Etna from three‐dimensional mapping
Coltelli, M., Proietti, C., Branca, S., Marsella, M., Andronico, D., & Lodato, L. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2006jf000598 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Conen, F., & Smith, K. A. (1998) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4940701.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Jenkinson, D. S., & Coleman, K. (1994) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00498.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Uncertainty of annual net ecosystem productivity estimated using eddy covariance flux measurements
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Terrestrial Higher Plant Respiration and Net Primary Production
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Considerations for measuring ground CO2 effluxes with chambers
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Wind-induced error in the measurement of soil respiration using closed dynamic chambers
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THE ROBUSTNESS OF EDDY CORRELATION FLUXES FOR AMAZON RAIN FOREST CONDITIONS
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Carbon balance assessment of a Belgian winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.)
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When is a measured soil organic matter fraction equivalent to a model pool?
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Self-citationCarbon and water balance of European croplands throughout the 20th century
Gervois, S., Ciais, P., de Noblet‐Ducoudré, N., Brisson, N., Vuichard, N., & Viovy, N. (2008) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2007gb003018 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Projected changes in mineral soil carbon of European forests, 1990–2100
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Self-citationComparison between tower and aircraft-based eddy covariance fluxes in five European regions
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Eddy-Covariance Flux Measurements in the Complex Terrain of an Alpine Valley in Switzerland
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Eddy correlation measurements of methane flux in a northern peatland ecosystem
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The carbon balance of European croplands: A cross-site comparison of simulation models
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Self-citationAN INTRODUCTION TO FLUX MEASUREMENTS IN DIFFICULT CONDITIONS
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Self-citationADVECTION AND RESULTING CO2 EXCHANGE UNCERTAINTY IN A TALL FOREST IN CENTRAL GERMANY
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Self-citationSimulation Model for Studying Physiological Water Stress Responses of Whole Plants
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Management effects on European cropland respiration
Werner Eugster, A., Lucas-Moffat, A., Ceschia, É., Aubinet, M., Ammann, C., Osborne, B., Davis, P., Smith, P., Jacobs, C. M. J., Moors, E. J., et al. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack, K. G., Bolger, T., Davis, P., Nieuwenhuis, M., Reidy, B., Saiz, G., Tobin, B., & Osborne, B. A. (2005) · European Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1007/s10342-005-0092-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationPotter, C. S., Wang, S., Nikolov, N. T., McGuire, A. D., Liu, J. J., King, A. W., Kimball, J. S., Grant, R. F., Frolking, S., Clein, J. S., et al. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000jd000224 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Measurements of hydrocarbon emissions from a boreal fen using the REA technique
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THE MAP OF ORGANIC CARBON IN TOPSOILS IN EUROPE
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Productivity of Agro-ecosystems
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Uncertainty in Calculations of Net Primary Production for Grasslands
Lauenroth, W. K., Wade, A. A., Williamson, M. A., Ross, B. E., Kumar, S., & Cariveau, D. P. (2006) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0072-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF HISTORICAL LAND-USE PATTERNS IN THE GREAT PLAINS: A METHODOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
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Fast chemical sensor for eddy-correlation measurements of methane emissions from rice paddy fields
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Self-citationDuranceau, M., Ghashghaie, J., & Brugnoli, E. (2001) · Australian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1071/pp00068 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Self-citationEcosystem Organization of a Complex Landscape
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Carbon and water exchange of terrestrial systems
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The Carbon Cycle of Contrasting Landscape Elements of the Bornhöved Lake District
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Self-citationA Review of Cooperative Temperature Data Validation
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A new model for soil organic carbon turnover using bomb carbon
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Self-citationMiglietta, F., Gioli, B., Hutjes, R. W. A., & Reichstein, M. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01219.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Soil Organic Matter Network (SOMNET): 1996 Model and Experimental Metadata
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Self-citationWind velocity perturbation of soil respiration measurements using closed dynamic chambers
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Self-citationRemote sensing field experiments evaluate retrieval algorithms and land‐atmosphere modeling
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Sectoral approaches to improve regional carbon budgets
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Self-citationA simple, battery-operated, temperature-controlled cuvette for respiration measurements
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Measurement of Soil Respiration
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Self-citationClimatic impacts of historical wetland drainage in Switzerland
Schneider, N., & Eugster, W. (2006) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9120-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationKutsch, W. L., Hörmann, G., & Kappen, L. (2008) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75811-2_4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Smith, P., Soussana, J., Angers, D. A., Schipper, L. A., Chenu, C., Rasse, D. P., Batjes, N. H., van Egmond, F., McNeill, S. J. E., Kuhnert, M., et al. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14815 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Self-citationKell, D. B. (2011) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcr175 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Kell, D. B. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0244 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Tian, K., Zhao, Y., Xu, X., Hai, N., Huang, B., & Deng, W. (2015) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.008 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Carbon stocks in bamboo ecosystems worldwide: Estimates and uncertainties
Yuen, J. Q., Fung, T., & Ziegler, A. D. (2017) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.017 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“Because only a handful of studies reported carbon values (a percentage of the vegetative biomass), we typically determined AGC and BGC values by multiplying the biomass estimates by 50% (following Smith et al., 2010).”
MethodManagement effects on net ecosystem carbon and GHG budgets at European crop sites
Ceschia, É., Béziat, P., Dejoux, J.-F., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Bodson, B., Buchmann, N., Carrara, A., Cellier, P., Tommasi, P. D., et al. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.020 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, Y. C., Kong, X., Yang, B., Zhang, X. L., Yan, X., Yang, J., & Xiong, Z. (2012) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.11.003 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
“(2) (Smith et al., 2010): The grain and straw biomass NPP is converted using the dry biomass weighed at harvest .”
Lowering carbon footprint of durum wheat by diversifying cropping systems
Gan, Y., Liang, C., Wang, X., & McConkey, B. G. (2011) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2011.03.020 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Ziegler, A. D., Phelps, J., Yuen, J. Q., Webb, E. L., Lawrence, D., Fox, J., Bruun, T. B., Leisz, S. J., Ryan, C. M., Dressler, W., et al. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02747.x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Smith, P., Davies, C. A., Ogle, S., Zanchi, G., Bellarby, J., Bird, N., Boddey, R. M., McNamara, N. P., Powlson, D., Cowie, A., et al. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02689.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Despite the uncertainties in flux measurements, and the desirability of supplementary measures (SOC change, soil respiration, etc.) at these sites (Smith et al., 2010a), ecosystem C flux measurements have proved extremely useful if model testing and development (e.g. Morales et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNayak, A. K., Rahman, M. M., Naidu, R., Dhal, B., Swain, C. K., Nayak, A., Tripathi, R., Shahid, M., Islam, M. R., & Pathak, H. K. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.125 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Zhou, J., Li, B., Xia, L., Fan, C., & Xiong, Z. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.191 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Wang, C., Liu, J., Shen, J., Chen, D., Li, Y., Jiang, B., & Wu, J. (2018) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.04.017 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The net biome production of full crop rotations in Europe
Kutsch, W. L., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Smith, P., Osborne, B., Werner Eugster, A., Wattenbach, M., Schrumpf, M., Schulze, E., Tomelleri, E., et al. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.07.016 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“(1)) that ignored the ‘minor’ terms of the fully integrated NBP (see Smith et al., 2010; Osborne et al., 2010): NBP = NEP − F − H + I (1) where F is carbon lost by fires, H is carbon removed by harvest, I is inputs by organic fertilizer such as manure or slurry.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMcCabe, M. F., Ershadi, A., Jiménez, C., Miralles, D. G., Michel, D., & Wood, E. F. (2016) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-9-283-2016 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Carbon, nitrogen and Greenhouse gases budgets over a four years crop rotation in northern France
Loubet, B., Laville, P., Lehuger, S., Larmanou, E., Fléchard, C., Mascher, N., Génermont, S., Roche, R., Ferrara, R. M., Stella, P., et al. (2011) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0751-9 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“This issue is highlighted in recent literature (Osborne et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2010).”
BackgroundWang, J., Jia, J., Xiong, Z., Khalil, M. A. K., & Xing, G. X. (2011) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.04.009 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out?
Agostini, F., Gregory, A. S., & Richter, G. M. (2015) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-014-9571-0 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Wu, X., Ju, W., Chen, J. M., Wang, S., Wang, H., Yuan, W., Black, T. A., Jassal, R. S., Ibrom, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1002/2014jg002876 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Elsgaard, L., Görres, C., Hoffmann, C. C., Blicher‐Mathiesen, G., Schelde, K., & Petersen, S. O. (2012) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.09.001 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Can cropland management practices lower net greenhouse emissions without compromising yield?
Shang, Z., Abdalla, M., Xia, L., Zhou, F., Sun, W., & Smith, P. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15796 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“, 2020), with SOC sequestration representing the longterm CO2 exchanges between croplands and atmosphere (Smith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChinese cropping systems are a net source of greenhouse gases despite soil carbon sequestration
Gao, B., Huang, T., Ju, X., Gu, B., Huang, W., Xu, L., Rees, R. M., Powlson, D. S., Smith, P., & Cui, S. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14425 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of four light use efficiency models for estimating terrestrial gross primary production
Zhang, L., Zhou, D., Fan, J., & Hu, Z. (2015) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.01.001 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Yang, B., Xiong, Z., Wang, J.-Y., Xu, X., Huang, Q.-W., & Shen, Q. (2015) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.071 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Advances in the understanding of nutrient dynamics and management in UK agriculture
Dungait, J. A. J., Cardenas, L. M., Blackwell, M. S. A., Wu, L., Withers, P. J. A., Chadwick, D. R., Bol, R. A., Murray, P. J., Macdonald, A. J., Whitmore, A. P., et al. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.029 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“the amount of C lost from agricultural systems through decomposition processes and harvesting is the same as the net ecosystem production (Jones and Donnelly, 2004; Smith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundYao, Y., Li, Z., Wang, T., Chen, A., Wang, X., Du, M., Jia, G., Li, Y., Li, H., Luo, W., et al. (2018) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.02.007 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“For example, vegetation in the Sichuan Basin is largely dominated by croplands, whose NEP can only be indirectly estimated via vegetation proxy of FPAR in the current upscaling process, which is very uncertain (Ichii et al., 2017; Osborne et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPetrokofsky, G., Kanamaru, H., Achard, F., Goetz, S. J., Joosten, H., Holmgren, P., Lehtonen, A., Menton, M., Pullin, A. S., & Wattenbach, M. (2012) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/2047-2382-1-6 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“review current methods available for measuring components of the carbon budget in croplands, and examine some of the tools used for scaling the carbon budget of croplands from ecosystem to continental levels [104].”
MethodSelf-citationZhang, X., Izaurralde, R. C., Arnold, J. G., Williams, J. R., & Srinivasan, R. (2013) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.056 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Tropical low land rice ecosystem is a net carbon sink
Bhattacharyya, P., Neogi, S., Roy, K. S., Dash, P. K., Nayak, A. K., & Mohapatra, T. (2014) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.013 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Haque, M. M., Kim, S.-Y., Ali, M. A., & Kim, P. J. (2014) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-014-2287-2 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Satellite Imagery to Map Topsoil Organic Carbon Content over Cultivated Areas: An Overview
Vaudour, E., Gholizadeh, A., Castaldi, F., Saberioon, M., Borůvka, L., Salazar, D. F. U., Fouad, Y., Arrouays, D., Richer-De-Forges, A. C., Biney, J. K. M., et al. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14122917 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
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“…that estimate C and GHG budgets at local, regional and global scales (e.g. Jung et al., 2009, 2011; Osborne et al., 2010; Schulze et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2014; Kondo et al., 2015; Zscheischler et al., 2017), and for Earth System Models (ESMs), that include biogeochemical…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Importance of Aquatic Carbon Fluxes in Net Ecosystem Carbon Budgets: A Catchment-Scale Review
Webb, J. R., dos Santos, I. R., Maher, D. T., & Finlay, K. P. (2018) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-018-0284-7 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
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Hwang, H. Y., Kim, G. W., Kim, S.-Y., Haque, M. M., Khan, M. I., & Kim, P. J. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.001 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Jia, J., Ma, Y. C., & Xiong, Z. (2012) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.01.011 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“In this study, the NECB is used to evaluate the total rate of carbon accumulation in (or loss from) ecosystems (Smith et al., 2010) on a seasonal crop time scale.”
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Rutledge-Jonker, S., Mudge, P. L., Campbell, D. I., Woodward, S. L., Goodrich, J. P., Wall, A. M., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., & Schipper, L. A. (2015) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.011 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Where data from a site-year was presented both in the European synthesis study by Soussana et al. (2007) and in a stand-alone paper, data from the latter was used.”
MethodOsborne, B. A., Saunders, M., Walmsley, D. C., Jones, M. B., & Smith, P. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.05.009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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The carbon balance of European croplands: A cross-site comparison of simulation models
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Self-citationDepletion of soil organic carbon stocks are larger under plastic film mulching for maize
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Estimation of net greenhouse gas balance using crop- and soil-based approaches: Two case studies
Huang, J., Chen, Y., Sui, P., & Gao, W. (2013) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.035 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“In the crop-based approach, the NGHGB is typically estimated from net biome productivity (NBP) combining soil N2O production and indirect GHG emissions from agricultural input (Ceschia et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2010; Lehuger et al., 2011; Nikièma et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLee, J. G., Cho, S. R., Jeong, S. T., Hwang, H. Y., & Kim, P. J. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133827 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Net ecosystem production and carbon balance of an SRC poplar plantation during its first rotation
Verlinden, M. S., Broeckx, L. S., Zona, D., Berhongaray, G., De Groote, T., Camino Serrano, M., Janssens, I. A., & Ceulemans, R. (2013) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.033 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“[70] Smith P, Lanigan G, Kutsch W, Buchmann N, Eugster W, Aubinet M, et al.”
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A review of measurement for quantification of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering in soil
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Eddy covariance for quantifying trace gas fluxes from soils
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Management effects on European cropland respiration
Werner Eugster, A., Lucas-Moffat, A., Ceschia, É., Aubinet, M., Ammann, C., Osborne, B., Davis, P., Smith, P., Jacobs, C. M. J., Moors, E. J., et al. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“A number of supplementary measurements are therefore equired to quantify individual processes (see Smith et al., 2010).”
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Uncertainty in below-ground carbon biomass for major land covers in Southeast Asia
Yuen, J. Q., Ziegler, A. D., Webb, E. L., & Ryan, C. M. (2013) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.042 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Annual and monthly carbon balance in an intensively managed Mediterranean olive orchard
Nardino, M., Pernice, F., Rossi, F., Georgiadis, T., Facini, O., Motisi, A., & Drago, A. (2012) · Photosynthetica · doi:10.1007/s11099-012-0079-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The scarcity of information on the NEE of fruit tree orchards, olive included, does not allow a comparative analysis between the various species and orchard management techniques because of the different methodologies adopted (Almagro et al. 2010, Smith et al. 2010).”
MethodMicrobial responses to the erosional redistribution of soil organic carbon in arable fields
Dungait, J. A. J., Ghee, C., Rowan, J. S., McKenzie, B. M., Hawes, C., Dixon, E. R., Paterson, E., & HOPKINS, D. W. (2013) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.027 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Net ecosystem CO2 exchange and carbon cycling in tropical lowland flooded rice ecosystem
Bhattacharyya, P., Neogi, S., Roy, K. S., Dash, P. K., Tripathi, R., & Rao, K. S. (2013) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-013-9553-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…carbon into several components in flooded rice paddy ecologies to quantify carbon accumulation and loss from the ecosystem using following equation (Smith et al. 2010): NECB ¼ NEP D F H VOC CH4 Eþ I ð5Þ where, NEP was net ecosystem production, D was the carbon loss as dissolved organic carbon, F…”
InfluentialHu, M., Qu, Z., Li, Y., Xiong, Y., & Huang, G. (2024) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2024.106031 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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“Soil C losses through emission of volatile organic compounds, runoff, and leaching were negligible (Smith et al., 2010; Hounkpatin et al., 2018), and therefore not accounted for in the present study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShen, Y., Sui, P., Huang, J., Wang, D., Whalen, J. K., & Chen, Y. (2018) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2018.06.007 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gilmanov, T. G., Wylie, B. K., Tieszen, L. L., Meyers, T. P., Baron, V. S., Bernacchi, C. J., Billesbach, D. P., Burba, G. G., Fischer, M. L., Glenn, A. J., et al. (2012) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.09.017 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Smith et al. (2010) have recently summarized the methods to adequately assess the NECB of agroecosystems, and West et al. (2010) presented an attempt to summarize NECB for croplands of the United States.”
MethodWaldo, S., Chi, J., Pressley, S. N., O'Keeffe, P. T., Pan, W. L., Brooks, E. S., Huggins, D. R., Stöckle, C. O., & Lamb, B. (2015) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.11.018 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Meta‐modeling soil organic carbon sequestration potential and its application at regional scale
Luo, Z., Wang, E., Bryan, B. A., King, D., Zhao, G., Pan, X., & Bende‐Michl, U. (2012) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/12-0672.1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“This often leads to great uncertainty in simulation results and makes upscaling to regional scale a challenge (Ogle et al. 2006, 2010, Tang and Zhuang 2008, Goidts et al. 2009, Smith et al. 2010).”
BackgroundCarbon fluxes and budgets of intensive crop rotations in two regional climates of southwest Germany
Poyda, A., Wizemann, H., Ingwersen, J., Eshonkulov, R., Högy, P., Demyan, M. S., Kremer, P., Wulfmeyer, V., & Streck, T. (2019) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.02.011 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Fan, C., Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Li, L., Zhou, Q., & Xiong, Z. (2014) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-014-9651-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“(2)): NECB ¼ NEP Harvest CH4 þ Manure ð2Þ Here, NEP (net ecosystem production) is obtained by two approaches (Ciais et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2010) and listed in Eqs.”
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“The net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) applies to net flux of carbon gain or loss in an ecosystem taking into account physical, biological and anthropogenic sources and sinks and is given as (Chapin et al. 2006; Smith et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSwain, C. K., Nayak, A. K., Bhattacharyya, P., Chatterjee, D., Chatterjee, S., Tripathi, R., Singh, N. R., & Dhal, B. (2018) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6805-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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“The net ecosystem C budget (NECB) can essentially provide a scientific basis for the development of C sequestration strategies (Smith et al., 2010a).”
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“…to quantify carbon budget of cropping systems (Moureaux et al. 2008; Aubinet et al. 2009; Ciais et al. 2010; Moors et al. 2010; Jans et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2010), which was found to be driven by both agricultural management and climate conditions (Gervois et al. 2008; Ceschia et al. 2010;…”
BackgroundNet ecosystem carbon and greenhouse gas budgets in fiber and cereal cropping systems
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Maize and rice double cropping benefits carbon footprint and soil carbon budget in paddy field
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Greenhouse gas balance of cropland conversion to bioenergy poplar short-rotation coppice
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- Authors
- Smith, P., Lanigan, G., Kutsch, W. L., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Aubinet, M., Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Yeluripati, J. B., Osborne, B., Moors, E. J., Brut, A., Wattenbach, M., Saunders, M., & Jones, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (BE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Pete
- ORCID
- Venue
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 302-315
- ISSN
- 0167-8809 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025652244
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 159
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences) (submittedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Keywords
- net ecosystem carbon budget, cropland, carbon flux, eddy covariance, isotope studies, biomass inventory, measurement uncertainty, greenhouse gas emissions
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