Well-designed multi-species grassland mixtures enhance both soil carbon inputs and aboveground productivity
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Increasing species diversity in managed grasslands may serve multiple environmental purposes, especially when legumes are included. Yet, how to design such legume-based grassland mixtures to increase soil C inputs remains unclear. This is particularly true for C inputs into deep soil layers, and via rhizodeposition . This field study investigated the effects of mixture design on root C and net-rhizodeposition to 1 m depth in managed grasslands with the aim to combine high soil C inputs with high aboveground productivity. Net-rhizodeposition was defined as accumulated C lost from roots, which remained in the soil at the end of the growing season . We used multiple-pulse isotopic labelling with 13 C-CO 2 to quantify the soil C inputs from roots and rhizodeposition in a range of species mixtures fertilized with 75 kg N ha −1 , and in pure stand perennial ryegrass with different N fertilizer rates (75 vs 300 kg N ha −1 ). Mixtures comprised productive legumes ( Trifolium repens , Trifolium pratense ) with non-legumes (grasses: Lolium perenne , Festuca arundinacea ; forbs : Cichorium intybus , Plantago lanceolata ) in 2-species mixtures and in a 6-species mixture, and an 18-species mixture with additional species from the three functional groups. Our results showed increased belowground C input with species richness up to six without compromising aboveground yield, but when species richness increased further, root C was substantially reduced. Total net-rhizodeposition measured to 1 m depth was reduced with higher N availability (fertilizer or legume inclusion) independently of increasing root biomass. Within mixtures, the 2-species mixtures with red clover had lower rhizodeposition compared to white clover. Overall, the 6-species mixture represented the best option to balance both high root C with rhizodeposited C, as well as maintaining a high and stable aboveground yield similar to the high-fertilized pure stand grass. This study shows how species design of legume-based mixtures – not species richness per se – can increase belowground C input to depth in intensively managed grasslands without compromising aboveground productivity. Thus, our results reveal an agronomic option to steer soil C storage via rhizodeposition and root C, providing quantitative evidence to better understand the relevance of these pools for C cycling.
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Rhizodeposition in unfertilized grass-clover was estimated at 80-120 kg C ha-1 yr-1, enriching labile N pools and accelerating early-season mineralization in follow-on crops.
“Thus, Mortensen et al. (2025) estimated rhizodeposition in unfertilized grass-clover at 80-120 kg C ha -1 yr -1 enriching labile N pools and accelerating early-season mineralization in the follow-on crops.”
From Cover crops and optimal N management reduce nitrate leaching to background levels in grass-clover–barley rotations on sandy soil (2026) · cites this paper as Mortensen et al. 2025
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White clover promotes microbial necromass formation in grassland mixtures
Peixoto, L., Rasmussen, J., Mortensen, E. Ø., Banfield, C. C., Dippold, M. A., & Enggrob, K. L. (2026) · Agricultural & Environmental Letters · doi:10.1002/ael2.70108
Self-citation
- Authors
- Mortensen, E. Ø., Abalos, D., & Rasmussen, J.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Mortensen, Esben Øster
- Venue
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-06
- Volume
- 385
- Pages
- 109578
- ISSN
- 0167-8809 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4408012226
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 11.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2025-07-01)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Horizon 2020 (862695)
- Innovation Fund Denmark (0224-00091B)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Pasture and Agricultural Systems
- Keywords
- soil carbon inputs, rhizodeposition, root carbon, species richness, Fabaceae, white clover, red clover, nitrogen fertilization, soil carbon storage, aboveground productivity, perennial ryegrass, deep soil carbon, mixture design
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