The Genetic Basis of Mendelian Phenotypes: Discoveries, Challenges, and Opportunities
Open accessAbstract
Discovering the genetic basis of a Mendelian phenotype establishes a causal link between genotype and phenotype, making possible carrier and population screening and direct diagnosis. Such discoveries also contribute to our knowledge of gene function, gene regulation, development, and biological mechanisms that can be used for developing new therapeutics. As of February 2015, 2,937 genes underlying 4,163 Mendelian phenotypes have been discovered, but the genes underlying ∼50% (i.e., 3,152) of all known Mendelian phenotypes are still unknown, and many more Mendelian conditions have yet to be recognized. This is a formidable gap in biomedical knowledge. Accordingly, in December 2011, the NIH established the Centers for Mendelian Genomics (CMGs) to provide the collaborative framework and infrastructure necessary for undertaking large-scale whole-exome sequencing and discovery of the genetic variants responsible for Mendelian phenotypes. In partnership with 529 investigators from 261 institutions in 36 countries, the CMGs assessed 18,863 samples from 8,838 families representing 579 known and 470 novel Mendelian phenotypes as of January 2015. This collaborative effort has identified 956 genes, including 375 not previously associated with human health, that underlie a Mendelian phenotype. These results provide insight into study design and analytical strategies, identify novel mechanisms of disease, and reveal the extensive clinical variability of Mendelian phenotypes. Discovering the gene underlying every Mendelian phenotype will require tackling challenges such as worldwide ascertainment and phenotypic characterization of families affected by Mendelian conditions, improvement in sequencing and analytical techniques, and pervasive sharing of phenotypic and genomic data among researchers, clinicians, and families.
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Self-citationMosaicism of the UDP-Galactose Transporter SLC35A2 Causes a Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation
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Self-citationInvestigation of Mendelian forms of obesity holds out the prospect of personalized medicine
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Self-citationPhenotyping: Targeting genotype's rich cousin for diagnosis
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The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans
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Self-citationNon-coding genetic variants in human disease: Figure 1.
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Self-citationGenetics of Coronary Artery Disease
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Incomplete Penetrance and Variable Expressivity: From Clinical Studies to Population Cohorts
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Self-citationMutations in PADI6 Cause Female Infertility Characterized by Early Embryonic Arrest
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Self-citationEvaluating drug targets through human loss-of-function genetic variation
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Genomic medicine for kidney disease
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The genetic architecture of long QT syndrome: A critical reappraisal
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Evolving health care through personal genomics
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DOMINO: Using Machine Learning to Predict Genes Associated with Dominant Disorders
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The continuum of causality in human genetic disorders
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Self-citationHomozygous and hemizygous CNV detection from exome sequencing data in a Mendelian disease cohort
Gambin, T., Coban‐Akdemir, Z., Yuan, B., Gu, S., Chiang, T., Carvalho, C. M. B., Shaw, C. A., Jhangiani, S. N., Boone, P. M., Eldomery, M. K., et al. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1237 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationHi-C Identifies Complex Genomic Rearrangements and TAD-Shuffling in Developmental Diseases
Melo, U. S., Schöpflin, R., Acuña‐Hidalgo, R., Mensah, M. A., Fischer‐Zirnsak, B., Holtgrewe, M., Klever, M.-K., Türkmen, S., Heinrich, V., Pluym, I. D., et al. (2020) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.016 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Effective variant filtering and expected candidate variant yield in studies of rare human disease
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RNA-Seq Perspectives to Improve Clinical Diagnosis
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Phenotype-Specific Enrichment of Mendelian Disorder Genes near GWAS Regions across 62 Complex Traits
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WNT Signaling Perturbations Underlie the Genetic Heterogeneity of Robinow Syndrome
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Self-citationSmith, E. D., Radtke, K., Rossi, M., Shinde, D. N., Darabi, S., El‐Khechen, D., Powis, Z., Helbig, K. L., Waller, K., Grange, D. K., et al. (2017) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.23183 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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Self-citationKnowledge base and mini-expert platform for the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism
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Update on the Genetics of Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
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Self-citationseqr : A web‐based analysis and collaboration tool for rare disease genomics
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DIDA: A curated and annotated digenic diseases database
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Human and mouse essentiality screens as a resource for disease gene discovery
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Estimating the number of diseases – the concept of rare, ultra-rare, and hyper-rare
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Self-citationPredicting disease-causing variant combinations
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Genetic and environmental risk factors for chronic kidney disease
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Self-citationCopy Number Variation Disorders
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Phenotypic expansion of TBX4 mutations to include acinar dysplasia of the lungs
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Self-citationUsing human genetics to improve safety assessment of therapeutics
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Ranking of non-coding pathogenic variants and putative essential regions of the human genome
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Clinically severe CACNA1A alleles affect synaptic function and neurodegeneration differentially
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Clinical utility of genomic analysis in adults with idiopathic liver disease
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- Authors
- Chong, J. X., Buckingham, K. J., Jhangiani, S. N., Boehm, C., Sobreira, N., Smith, J. D., Harrell, T. M., McMillin, M. J., Wiszniewski, W., Gambin, T., Coban Akdemir, Z. H., Doheny, K., Scott, A. F., Avramopoulos, D., Chakravarti, A., Hoover-Fong, J., Mathews, D., Witmer, P. D., Ling, H., Hetrick, K., Watkins, L., Patterson, K. E., Reinier, F., Blue, E., Muzny, D., Kircher, M., Bilguvar, K., López-Giráldez, F., Sutton, V. R., Tabor, H. K., Leal, S. M., Gunel, M., Mane, S., Gibbs, R. A., Boerwinkle, E., Hamosh, A., Shendure, J., Lupski, J. R., Lifton, R. P., Valle, D., Nickerson, D. A., & Bamshad, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Seattle Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bamshad, Michael J.
- ORCID
- Chong, Jessica X.
- Buckingham, Kati J.
- Jhangiani, Shalini N.
- Sobreira, Nara
- Smith, Joshua D.
- Wiszniewski, Wojciech
- Gambin, Tomasz
- Doheny, Kimberly
- Scott, Alan F.
- Chakravarti, Aravinda
- Hoover-Fong, Julie
- Mathews, Debra
- Witmer, P. Dane
- Hetrick, Kurt
- Patterson, Karynne E.
- Blue, Elizabeth
- Muzny, Donna
- Kircher, Martin
- Sutton, V. Reid
- Tabor, Holly K.
- Leal, Suzanne M.
- Mane, Shrikant
- Gibbs, Richard A.
- Boerwinkle, Eric
- Hamosh, Ada
- Shendure, Jay
- Lupski, James R.
- Lifton, Richard P.
- Valle, David
- Nickerson, Deborah A.
- Bamshad, Michael J.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-215
- ISSN
- 0002-9297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4573249
- OpenAlex
- W1701211704
- Cited by
- 643
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 10.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The American Journal of Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Human Genome Research Institute (HG006493, U54HG006504, U54HG006542, UM1HG006504, HG006504, U54HG006493, UM1HG006542, HG006542, UM1HG006493)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Connective tissue disorders research
- Keywords
- genetic basis of disease, exome sequencing, gene discovery, carrier screening, mass screening, phenotypic variability, data sharing, gene function
- MeSH terms
- Genetics, Medical, Humans, Phenotype, Proteins, Genetic Diseases, Inborn
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