Propensity Score Methods

Rubin, Donald B.

doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.08.024

Cited by 88Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

Propensity Score Methods

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Rubin, Donald B.·2010·American Journal of Ophthalmology

DOI 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.08.024

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A non-response adjustment weight corrected for differences between NCS-2 respondents and other baseline NCS respondents.
“A non-response adjustment weight corrected for these differences [25].”
From Long-term effects of mental disorders on educational attainment in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up (2015) · cites this paper as [25]

The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
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Estimating Causal Effects from Large Data Sets Using Propensity Scores
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Reducing Bias in Observational Studies Using Subclassification on the Propensity Score
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Matching using estimated propensity scores: relating theory to practice.
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A comparison of the ability of different propensity score models to balance measured variables between treated and untreated subjects: a Monte Carlo study
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The performance of different propensity score methods for estimating marginal hazard ratios
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Comparison of logistic regression versus propensity score when the number of events is low and there are multiple confounders
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For objective causal inference, design trumps analysis
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A review of the application of propensity score methods yielded increasing use, advantages in specific settings, but not substantially different estimates compared with conventional multivariable methods.
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Propensity score methods gave similar results to traditional regression modeling in observational studies: a systematic review
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Conditioning on the propensity score can result in biased estimation of common measures of treatment effect: a Monte Carlo study
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Weaknesses of goodness-of-fit tests for evaluating propensity score models: the case of the omitted confounder
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Observational research--opportunities and limitations
Boyko, E. J. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.07.007 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
“The propensity score methodmodels the probability of exposure in relation to predictor variables, and therefore estimates the likelihood, in the case of a pharmacoepidemiology study, of a subject receiving a particular pharmaceutical based on his or her characteristics (Rubin, 2010).”
Background
Sustained Benefit from Ivacaftor Demonstrated by Combining Clinical Trial and Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry Data
Sawicki, G. S., McKone, E. F., Pasta, D. J., Millar, S. J., Wagener, J. S., Johnson, C. A., & Konstan, M. W. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201503-0578oc · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Long-term effects of mental disorders on educational attainment in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up
Mojtabai, R., Stuart, E. A., Hwang, I., Eaton, W. W., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. C. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1083-5 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“A non-response adjustment weight corrected for these differences [25].”
Background
A Prospective Assessment of Reports of Drinking to Self-medicate Mood Symptoms With the Incidence and Persistence of Alcohol Dependence
Crum, R. M., Mojtabai, R., Lazareck, S., Bolton, J. M., Robinson, J. L., Sareen, J., Green, K. M., Stuart, E. A., Flair, L. L., Alvanzo, A. A. H., et al. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1098 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Long-term effects of mental disorders on employment in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up
Mojtabai, R., Stuart, E. A., Hwang, I. H., Susukida, R., Eaton, W. W., Sampson, N. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1097-z · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“A non-response adjustment weight corrected for these differences [29].”
Background
Outpatient Surgery Reduces Short-Term Complications in Lumbar Discectomy
Pugely, A. J., Martin, C. T., Gao, Y., & Mendoza-Lattes, S. A. (2012) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3182697b57 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Timing of Pharmacologic Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study
Byrne, J. P., Mason, S. A., Gómez, D., Hoeft, C. J., Subacius, H. P., Xiong, W. G., Neal, M., Pirouzmand, F., & Nathens, A. B. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.06.382 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Salvage Versus Primary Liver Transplantation for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Bhangui, P., Allard, M., Vibert, É., Cherqui, D., Pelletier, G., Cunha, A. S., Guettier, C., Duclos‐Vallée, J., Saliba, F., Bismuth, H., et al. (2015) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000001442 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Incidence and Cost of Pneumonia in Medicare Beneficiaries
Parks, C. L., Ryan, M., Chapman, J. D., Stason, W. B., Tompkins, C. P., Suaya, J. A., Polsky, D. E., Mannino, D. M., & Shepard, D. S. (2012) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.11-1160 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
REPORTS OF DRINKING TO SELF-MEDICATE ANXIETY SYMPTOMS: LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT FOR SUBGROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Crum, R. M., Flair, L. L., Storr, C. L., Green, K. M., Stuart, E. A., Alvanzo, A. A. H., Lazareck, S., Bolton, J. M., Robinson, J. L., Sareen, J., et al. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22024 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“First, although prior analyses from our research group found an association with alcohol dependence, there are limitations with the use of logistic regression to hold constant potential confounders.[42, 43] Using propensity score methods in this report increased our confidence that the associations found were less lik…”
Result
Nephrology Referral and Outcomes in Critically Ill Acute Kidney Injury Patients
Silva, V. T. C. E., Liaño, F., Muriel, A., Díez, R., de Castro, I., & Yu, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070482 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“To address the influence of confounding variables, covariate adjusted propensity scores (PS) were utilized [28–30].”
Method
Thirty-Day Morbidity After Single-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Identification of Risk Factors and Emphasis on the Safety of Outpatient Procedures
Martin, C. T., Pugely, A. J., Gao, Y., & Mendoza-Lattes, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.m.00767 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Effectiveness of low-molecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin to prevent pulmonary embolism following major trauma
Byrne, J. P., Geerts, W. H., Mason, S. A., Gómez, D., Hoeft, C. J., Murphy, R., Neal, M., & Nathens, A. B. (2016) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000001321 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Propensity scores are conditional probabilities of receiving a particular treatment given a set of baseline characteristics.(23,24) The propensity score for each patient to receive LWMH was derived using multivariable logistic regression, accounting for the covariates described.”
Long-Term Survival Outcome Between Living Donor and Deceased Donor Liver Transplant for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Intention-to-Treat and Propensity Score Matching Analyses
Wong, T. C.-L., Ng, K. K., Fung, J., Chan, A. C. Y., Cheung, T. T., Chok, K., Dai, J. W.-C., & Lo, C. (2019) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-019-07206-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Too many covariates and too few cases? – a comparative study
Chen, Q., Nian, H., Zhu, Y., Talbot, H. K., Griffin, M. R., & Harrell, F. E. (2016) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.7021 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Net clinical benefit of hospitalization versus outpatient management of patients with acute pulmonary embolism
Roy, P., Corsi, D. J., Carrier, M., Theogene, A., de Wit, C., Dennie, C. J., Gal, G. L., Delluc, A., Moumneh, T., Rodger, M. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/jth.13629 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Comparing Short-term Complications of Inpatient Versus Outpatient Single-level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion
Khanna, R., Kim, R. B., Lam, S. K., Cybulski, G. R., Smith, Z. A., & Dahdaleh, N. S. (2018) · Clinical Spine Surgery A Spine Publication · doi:10.1097/bsd.0000000000000499 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Caspofungin versus fluconazole as prophylaxis of invasive fungal infection in high‐risk liver transplantation recipients: A propensity score analysis
Fortün, J., Muriel, A., Martín‐Dávila, P., Montejo, M., Len, Ó., Torre‐Cisneros, J., Carratalà, J., Muñóz, P., Fariñas, M. C., Moreno, A., et al. (2015) · Liver Transplantation · doi:10.1002/lt.24391 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Days on prophylaxis, median (IQR), days 22 (14-26) 24 (17-28) NS”
BackgroundMethod
Better survival after stereotactic body radiation therapy following transarterial chemoembolization in nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matched analysis
Wong, T. C.-L., Chiang, C., Lee, A., Lee, V. H.-F., Yeung, C. S., Ho, C. H. M., Cheung, T. T., Ng, K. K., Chok, K., Chan, A. C. Y., et al. (2019) · Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2019.01.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Comparison Between Methotrexate and Mycophenolate Mofetil Monotherapy for the Control of Noninfectious Ocular Inflammatory Diseases
Gangaputra, S. S., Newcomb, C. W., Joffe, M. M., Dreger, K. A., Begum, H. A., Artornsombudh, P., Pujari, S. S., Daniel, E., Sen, H. N., Suhler, E. B., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.07.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Dyslipidemia: Development and Progression
Jeng, C., Hsieh, Y., Yang, C., Yang, C., Lin, C., & Wang, I. (2017) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2017.05.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes is associated with higher trabecular bone density but lower cortical bone density: the Vietnam Osteoporosis Study
Ho-Pham, L. T., Chau, P. M. N., Do, A. T., Nguyen, H. C., & Nguyen, T. V. (2018) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-018-4579-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Procalcitonin-Based Algorithm to Guide Antibiotic Therapy in Secondary Peritonitis following Emergency Surgery: A Prospective Study with Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Huang, T., Huang, S.-S., Shyu, Y., Lee, C.-H., Jwo, S., Chen, P., & Chen, H.-Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090539 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Statistical analysis To reduce selection bias and confounding bias, our analysis planning included propensity score matching, stratification, and regression analysis [18,19].”
Method
The Impact of Renal Impairment on Short-term Morbidity Risk Following Lumbar Spine Surgeries
Martin, C. T., Pugely, A. J., Gao, Y., Mendoza-Lattes, S. A., & Weinstein, S. L. (2015) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000000890 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Comparison of LASIK and Surface Ablation by Using Propensity Score Analysis: A Multicenter Study in Korea
Na, K., Chung, S., Kim, J. K., Jang, E. J., Lee, N. R., & Joo, C. (2012) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9826 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
An Evaluation of a Short-Term Drug Treatment for Jail Inmates
Bahr, S. J., Harris, P. E. (., Strobell, J. H., & Taylor, B. M. (2012) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x12448650 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The regression analysis is used to create propensity scores that are estimates of how the treatment and control groups differ at baseline before treatment (Coffman, 2011).”
Method
The Risk of Going Small: Lowering GRWR and Overcoming Small-For-Size Syndrome in Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation.
Wong, T. C.-L., Fung, J., Cui, T. Y., Sin, S. L., Ma, K. W., She, B., Chan, A. C. Y., Chok, K., Dai, J. W. C., Cheung, T. T., et al. (2021) · PubMed · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000003824 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Matching process using the nearest neighboring method in 1:2 ratio was performed.(26,27) Statistical significance was defined as P value <0.”
Method
Recent development of propensity score methods in observational studies: Multi-categorical treatment, causal mediation, and heterogeneity
Hu, A., & Mustillo, S. (2015) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392115589599 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Recently, Rubin (2010) suggested a grouping of five to 10 strata, but with no justification as to how this number should be determined.”
Background
Small C7–T1 lordotic angle and muscle degeneration at C7 level were independent radiological characteristics of patients with cervical imbalance: a propensity score-matched analysis
Tamai, K., Romanu, J., Grisdela, P., Paholpak, P., Zheng, P., Nakamura, H., Buser, Z., & Wang, J. C. (2018) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.01.012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lumbar Discectomy Outcomes by Specialty: A Propensity-Matched Analysis of 7464 Patients from the ACS-NSQIP Database
Esfahani, D. R., Shah, H., Arnone, G. D., Scheer, J. K., & Mehta, A. I. (2018) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.077 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Development and validation of predictive MoSaiCo (Modello Statistico Combinato) on emergency admissions: can it also identify patients at high risk of frailty?
Falasca, P., Berardo, A., & Tommaso, F. D. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.4415/ann_11_02_15 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Further improvements could be applied to the model by adding the variables linked to socio-economic variables (the deprivation index is under observation in the Emilia Romagna Region), the propensity score [40, 41] and other data provided by general practitioners.”
Method
Propensity Scoring after Multiple Imputation in a Retrospective Study on Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Lymph-Node Positive Vulvar Cancer
zu Eulenburg, C., Suling, A. I., Neuser, P., Reuß, A., Canzler, U., Fehm, T. N., Luyten, A., Hellriegel, M., Woelber, L. L., & Mahner, S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165705 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In the multiply imputed data, results of the balance checks were averaged across data sets using Rubin’s rules[19].”
Method
Treatment of intracranial meningioma with single-session and fractionated radiosurgery: a propensity score matching study
Huang, S.-H., Wang, C., Wei, K., Chang, C.-N., Chuang, C., Chen, H.-C., Lin, Y.-J., Chen, K., Pai, P., & Hsu, P. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75559-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and transitions in stages of alcohol involvement among US adults: Progression and regression
Alvanzo, A. A. H., Storr, C. L., Reboussin, B. A., Green, K. M., Mojtabai, R., Flair, L. N. L., Cullen, B., Susukida, R., Seamans, M. J., & Crum, R. M. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104624 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Application of IPTW in these analyses was deemed successful as the groups were similar with respect to the observed characteristics after using the weights.”
Method
Studying Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Core Items in Colorectal Surgery: A Causal Model with Latent Variables
Gemma, M. F., Pennoni, F., & Braga, M. (2021) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-020-05940-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Association between Nafamostat Mesylate and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter Observational Study
Inokuchi, R., Kuno, T., Komiyama, J., Uda, K., Miyamoto, Y., Taniguchi, Y., Abe, T., Ishimaru, M., Adomi, M., Tamiya, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11010116 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Fourth, effect estimates were determined and the results were pooled using Rubin’s rules [20].”
Revisiting a Discrepant Result: A Propensity Score Analysis, the Paired Availability Design for Historical Controls, and a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
Baker, S. G., & Lindeman, K. (2013) · Journal of Causal Inference · doi:10.1515/jci-2013-0005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In addition, without biasing estimates of treatment effect, researchers can investigate various models for the propensity score before the final selection [18].”
Background
Transitions through stages of alcohol involvement: The potential role of mood disorders
Crum, R. M., Green, K. M., Stuart, E. A., Flair, L. N. L., Kealhofer, M., Young, A. S., Krawczyk, N., Tormohlen, K. N., Storr, C. L., Alvanzo, A. A. H., et al. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.027 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“We utilized the propensity score method of inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to address potential baseline differences between mood disordered and non-mood disordered participants, which could bias the effect estimates (Curtis et al., 2007; Rubin, 2010; Stuart, 2010).”
Method
Living with observational data in biological anthropology.
Smith, R. J. H. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23862 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Propensity Score Matching Application: Indications and Results of Adding Scleral Buckle to Vitrectomy: The Retina 1 Project: Report 3
Sanabria, M. R., Fernández, I., Sala‐Puigdollers, A., Rojas, J., Alfaiate, M., Elizalde, J., Návea, A., Cordovés, L., Ruiz-Miguel, M., Díaz-Llopis, M., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.5301/ejo.2011.6528 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Anterolateral Thigh Flap Combined with Reconstruction Plate Versus Double Free Flaps for Composite Mandibular Reconstruction: A Propensity Score-Matched Study
Offodile, A. C., Lin, J. A., Chang, K., Abdelrahman, M., Kou, H.-W., Loh, C. Y. Y., Aycart, M. A., & Kao, H. (2017) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-017-6309-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Effects of Marijuana Use on Transitions through Stages of Alcohol Involvement for Men and Women in the NESARC I and II
Green, K. M., Reboussin, B. A., Pacek, L. R., Storr, C. L., Mojtabai, R., Cullen, B., & Crum, R. M. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1638408 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…and alcohol stage transitions, we applied the propensity score method of inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), which adjusts for the baseline differences between marijuana users and non-marijuana users (Curtis, Hammill, Eisenstein, Kramer, & Anstrom, 2007; Rubin, 2010; Stuart, 2010).”
Method
Telehealth and hospitalizations for Medicare home healthcare patients.
Chen, H., Kalish, M. C., & Pagán, J. A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational, Cohort-Controlled Study of Clinical Outcomes Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Convalescent Plasma Therapy in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19
Chauhan, L., Pattee, J. W., Ford, J. A., Thomas, C., Lesteberg, K. E., Richards, E., Bernas, C. A., Loi, M. M., Dumont, L. J., Annen, K., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab834 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
New Statistical Methods in Cardiovascular Research
Sanchís, J. M., y, P. A., Bayés‐Genís, A., de Isla, L. P., & Heras, M. (2011) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2011.01.016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Difficulties in Demonstrating Superiority of an Antibiotic for Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Nonrandomized Studies
Stafford, K. A., Boutin, M., Evans, S. R., & Harris, A. D. (2014) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciu486 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“account for the prognostic differences between patients at the time of prescription may not yield valid results [23].”
Effects of smoking on clinical treatment outcomes amongst patients with chronic inflammatory diseases initiating biologics: secondary analyses of the prospective BELIEVE cohort study
Larsen, M. G. R., Overgaard, S. H., Petersen, S. R., Møllegaard, K. M., Munk, H. L., Nexøe, A. B., Glerup, H., Guldmann, T., Pedersen, N. K., Saboori, S., et al. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.13395 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“69 We suspect that the design of the baseline questionnaire made it difficult for the participants to state their education level, and we did not gather information about socioeconomic status apart from employment status, which has a rather complex and multi-directional relationship with smoking…”
Nuevos métodos estadísticos en la investigación cardiovascular
Sanchís, J. M., y, P. A., Bayés‐Genís, A., de Isla, L. P., & Heras, M. (2011) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2011.01.018 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The main contribution of the propensity score is that it behaves as a single variable that includes all possible covariates contributing to the bias.(7)”
Background
Stressful life events and transitions in problematic alcohol use involvement among US adults
Storr, C. L., Reboussin, B. A., Green, K. M., Mojtabai, R., Susukida, R., Young, A. S., Cullen, B., Alvanzo, A. A. H., & Crum, R. M. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1975748 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“We used a propensity score method of inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to address the potential baseline differences in personal characteristics (Curtis et al., 2007; Rubin, 2010; Stuart, 2010).”
Method
The Effect of Support and Training for Family Members on Access to Outpatient Services for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Shepherd‐Banigan, M. E., Smith, V. A., Maciejewski, M. L., Stechuchak, K. M., Hastings, S. N., Wieland, G. D., Miller, K. E. M., Kabat, M., Henius, J., Campbell-Kotler, M., et al. (2018) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-017-0844-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“To address observed baseline differences between participants and non-participants, propensity score weights were applied to the analytic models (Austin and Stuart 2015; Rubin 1974, 2010).”
Method
Adjuvant chemotherapy guidance for pT1–3N0–1 breast cancer patients with HR+, HER2− subtype: a cohort study based on the SEER database
Wen, N., Qiu, J., Xu, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Xie, Y., Lv, Q., & Du, Z. (2021) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-21-5937 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“PSM is a tool for narrowing the selection bias in non-randomized studies and achieving balanced variables across treatment groups (14-16).”
Ethical and regulatory considerations in the design of traumatic brain injury clinical studies
Hicks, R. R. (2015) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63521-1.00046-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Concurrence of ovarian cancer and dermatomyositis: a propensity score analysis
Cheng, H., Huo, L., Wang, D., & Xiang, Y. (2019) · Journal of Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e99 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Six covariates, age, menopause status, tumor pathological type, tumor grade, FIGO stage, and gross residual disease were taken into account at the start of follow up [11].”
Background
Impact of preoperative infection on the outcomes of liver transplant recipients: a national propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study in China
Xiang, Z., Song, Y., Liu, J., Xu, C., Zhou, Z., Li, J., Su, R., Shu, W., Lu, Z., Wei, X., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001114 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“PSM was performed to balance the signi ﬁ cant difference in the baseline characteristics that could impact outcomes [22] .”
Method
Improvements in Mental Well-Being and its Predictive Factors in Patients who Underwent Cervical versus Lumbar Decompression Surgery
Tamai, K., Suzuki, A., Toyoda, H., Terai, H., Hoshino, M., Takahashi, S., Hori, Y., Yabu, A., & Nakamura, H. (2021) · Spine Surgery and Related Research · doi:10.22603/ssrr.2021-0060 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A longitudinal analysis of reparative probation and recidivism
Humphrey, J. A., Burford, G. E., & Dye, M. H. (2012) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2012.699731 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Results of a Pilot Test of a Brief Computer-Assisted Tailored HIV Prevention Intervention for Use with a Range of Demographic and Risk Groups
Zule, W. A., Bobashev, G., Reif, S., Poulton, W., Coomes, C. M., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0557-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This approach is widely used in observational studies to adjust for differences between who are exposed to a treatment or risk and those who are not [25–28].”
Method
The role of mood disorders in the progression of and recovery from alcohol and drug use problems: A latent transition analysis
Crum, R. M., Green, K. M., Amin‐Esmaeili, M., Susukida, R., Mojtabai, R., Storr, C. L., Riehm, K. E., Young, A. S., & Reboussin, B. A. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109566 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Time-of-day dependent effects of midazolam administration on myocardial injury in non-cardiac surgery
Prin, M., Pattee, J. W., Douin, D. J., Scott, B. K., Ginde, A. A., & Eckle, T. D. L. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.982209 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aspirin Use and Risk of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Large Case-Control Study
Sanat, Z. M., Masoudi, S., Tabaeian, S. P., شورانی, م. ج., Soruri, M., & Porshams, A. (2023) · Archives of Iranian Medicine · doi:10.34172/aim.2023.28 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“19,20 We considered age, sex, smoking status, opium use, diabetes mellitus, place of residence, and family history of cancer in first-degree relatives as confounding factors.”
Background
An Integrated, Clinician-focused Telehealth Monitoring System to Reduce Hospitalization Rates for Home Health Care Patients with Diabetes
Pagán, J. A., Chen, H., & Kalish, M. C. (2011) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150131911400752 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neural Networks to Estimate Generalized Propensity Scores for Continuous Treatment Doses
Collier, Z. K., Leite, W. L., & Karpyn, A. E. (2021) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x21992199 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“If any of these assumptions are violated, covariate balance may not be achieved by conditioning on the propensity score, which may result in biased effect estimates (Rubin, 2010).”
Background
The short-term outcomes of minimally invasive decompression surgery in patients with lumbar ossification or calcification of the ligamentum flavum
Tamai, K., Kaneda, K., Iwamae, M., Terai, H., Katsuda, H., Shimada, N., & Nakamura, H. (2020) · Journal of Neurosurgery Spine · doi:10.3171/2020.6.spine20946 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“15,16 Therefore, by using control groups with adjustment for basic demographics via propensity score matching, the present study aimed to demonstrate the surgical outcomes of minimally invasive endoscopic surgery for patients with degenerative lumbar disease accompanied by OLF or CLF.”
Current tobacco use, nicotine dependence, and transitions across stages of alcohol involvement: A latent transition analysis approach
Pacek, L. R., Reboussin, B. A., Green, K. M., Flair, L. L., Storr, C. L., Alvanzo, A. A. H., Mojtabai, R., Cullen, B., Young, A. S., Tormohen, K., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1789 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“We utilized the propensity score method of inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to address potential baseline differences between nicotine‐dependent current tobacco users, non‐nicotine‐ dependent current tobacco users, and nontobacco users, which could bias the effect estimates (Curtis, Hammill, Eisenstei…”
BackgroundMethod
Determination of the Optimal Number of Strata for Bias Reduction in Propensity Score Matching.
Akers, A. (2010) · doi:10.12794/metadc28380 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Marginal Structural Models for Comparing Alternative Treatment Strategies in Ophthalmology using Observational Data
Joffe, M. M., Pistilli, M., & Kempen, J. H. (2013) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.3109/09286586.2013.792939 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
On the Use of Propensity Score Matching in Biomedicine and Pulmonology
Maturo, F., & Rambaud, S. C. (2022) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2021.12.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A novel nomogram for prognosis stratification in salvage liver transplantation: a national-wide study with propensity score matching analysis in China
Wang, K., Gao, F., Dong, S., Ding, J., Dong, L., Shao, C., Wang, Z., Qiu, X., Wei, X., Wang, Z., et al. (2023) · HepatoBiliary Surgery and Nutrition · doi:10.21037/hbsn-22-304 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kinematic characteristics of patients with cervical imbalance: a weight-bearing dynamic MRI study
Tamai, K., Grisdela, P., Romanu, J., Paholpak, P., Buser, Z., & Wang, J. C. (2019) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-018-05874-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Multi-Source Causal Inference Using Control VariatesPreprint
Guo, W., Wang, S., Ding, P., Wang, Z., & Jordan, M. I. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.16689 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Such selection bias on the outcome occurs in practice in case-control studies in epidemiology Rothman et al. [2008], Robins [2001], Robins et al.”
Background
Comparative effectiveness of alternative initial doses of opioid agonist treatment for individuals with opioid use disorder: a protocol for a retrospective population-based study using target trial emulation in British Columbia, Canada
Yan, R., Hossain, M. B., Min, J. E., Kurz, M., Smith, K., Piske, M., Seaman, S. R., Bach, P., Karim, E., Platt, R. W., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-098990 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effectiveness of bivalent HPV vaccination against genital HPV DNA-positivity of a catch-up campaign at age 13–16 years compared to routine vaccination at age 12 years: a biennial repeated cross-sectional study
Kusters, J. M. A., van der Loeff, M. F. S., BENTHEM, B. H. B. V., King, A. J., PASSYON study group, van der Meijden, H., Kampman, K., Hoornenborg, E., Bak, A., Smit, M., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03686-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Postoperative adjuvant therapy for stage IA-IIA cervical adenocarcinoma (FIGO 2018) with one intermediate-risk factor: a multicentre retrospective cohort study of 63,926 cases
Fu, J., Liang, C., Sun, L., Zhao, H., Cui, Z., Lang, J., Chen, C., & Liu, P. (2025) · World Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1186/s12957-025-03739-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In order to reduce the influence of baseline differences, after the real-world study, the variable factors of age, uterine type, and FIGO stage were included into the logistic regression model for 1:1 propensity score matching [17].”
Comparing home-based and institutional rehabilitation for community-dwelling hip fracture patients: a matched cohort study
Haugen, J., & Hagen, T. P. (2026) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-026-07940-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“To reduce selection bias and improve causal inference, we employed propensity score matching (PSM) to create balanced treatment and control groups (21).”
Child Maltreatment Prevention and Health Promotion: Examining the Effectiveness of a Nurse Home-Visiting Program
Lanier, P. (2013) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k79z931s · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“179 Table 25 Comparison of Risk Factors and Rates of Reports at Age One and Age Three for the Current Study and Two Population-Based Epidemiologic Studies Wu, et al., (2004) Current Study Substantiated Putnam-Hornstein & Needell (2011) Current Study Any Report Reports through Age 1 year 1 year 5 years 3 years Overall…”
Background
Impact of early, weekly drinking on latent classes of alcohol involvement progression and recovery: Evidence from the NESARC Waves 1 and 2
Green, K. M., Reboussin, B. A., Storr, C. L., Mojtabai, R., Susukida, R., Young, A. S., Cullen, B., Luken, A., Amin‐Esmaeili, M., & Crum, R. M. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100410 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Models addressed confounding by applying inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), which adjusted for the baseline differences between early, weekly drinkers and non-early weekly drinkers (Curtis, Hammill, Eisenstein, Kramer, & Anstrom, 2007; Rubin, 2010; Stuart, 2010).”
Method
Reduction Rate of Uric Acid in Blood during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury: A Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study
Inoue, Y., Inokuchi, R., Nakano, H., Masuda, Y., Nishida, O., Doi, K., & On behalf of the CHANGE Study Group (2024) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000542329 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“After imputation, effect estimates were determined, and the results were pooled using Rubin ’ s rules [9].”
Current Research in Biostatistics
Afifi, A. A., & Yu, F. (2010) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.11.023
From Causes to Outcomes: Determining Prevention Can Work
Lanier, P., Maguire‐Jack, K., Mienko, J. A., & Panlilio, C. C. (2015) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16327-7_6
New Statistical Methods in Cardiovascular Research Nuevos metodos estadisticos en la investigacion cardiovascular
Sanchís, J. M., y, P. A., Bayés‐Genís, A., de Isla, L. P., & Heras, M. (2016)
Healthcare Costs and Impact of Medication Adherence on Outcomes in Patients on Novel Anticoagulant Therapy
Deshpande, C. G. (2016) · doi:10.23860/diss-deshpande-chinmay-2016
“Prior use of cardiac drugs was also accounted, and selection of the drugs was based on AF therapy recommended by American Heart Association (AHA).(40) These drugs were also used as covariates to understand the individual effects in the dabigatran pivotal trials.”
Method
Left-sided obstructive cardiac lesions in the fetus and the neonate
Öhman, A. (2018) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
The effect of adjunctive psychotherapy on health related outcomes among patients with schizophrenia
Wang, C. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/enzm-af46
Understanding and Improving Wait Times for Hip Fracture Surgery
Pincus, D. (2019) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Adjuvant Chemotherapy Guidance for pT1-3N0-1 Breast Cancer Patients with HR+, HER2- subtype: a study based on SEER databasePreprint
Qiu, J., Xu, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, J., Lv, Q., & Du, Z. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-154913/v1
Efficacy of anterolateral thigh flap in oro-mandibular reconstruction
Jyothirmayee, K., Jawarker, R., Kapoor, S., Plackal, J. J., Tusharbhai, D. M., & Mishra, A. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.7982
Associations between mental health & substance use treatment and alcohol use progression and recovery among US women drinkers
Young, A. S., Reboussin, B. A., Riehm, K. E., Mojtabai, R., Green, K. M., O’Gorman, E. T., Susukida, R., Amin‐Esmaeili, M., & Crum, R. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306820

Authors: Rubin, D. B.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Rubin, Donald B.
ORCID: Rubin, Donald B.
Venue: American Journal of Ophthalmology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-01
Volume: 149
Issue: 1
Pages: 7-9
ISSN: 0002-9394 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.08.024
OpenAlex: W1979292345
Cited by: 88
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
nrs.harvard.edu
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023879)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: propensity score methods, causal effect estimation, non-randomized studies, observational study design, ophthalmology research
MeSH terms: Humans, Ophthalmology, Probability, Models, Statistical

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