The Effectiveness of Adjustment by Subclassification in Removing Bias in Observational Studies

Cochran, W. G.

doi:10.2307/2528036

Cited by 961Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

The Effectiveness of Adjustment by Subclassification in Removing Bias in Observational Studies

Cochran, W. G.·1968·Biometrics

DOI 10.2307/2528036

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If a continuous confounder is grouped, residual confounding may occur, whereby some of the variable's confounding effect remains unadjusted for.
“If a continuous confounder is grouped, residual confounding may occur, whereby some of the variable's confounding effect remains unadjusted for (see Box 5 ) [ 62 , 89 ].”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration (2007) · cites this paper as [89]

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“If a continuous confounder is grouped, residual confounding may occur, whereby some of the variable’s confounding effect remains unadjusted for (see Box 5) [62,89].”
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Authors: Cochran, W. G.
Corresponding author: Cochran, W. G.
Venue: Biometrics
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 1968-06
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Pages: 295
ISSN: 0006-341X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2528036
OpenAlex: W4297791620
Cited by: 961
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 58
FWCI: 3.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Biometrics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: subclassification, bias mitigation, observational studies, confounding, stratified analysis
MeSH terms: Aged, Biometry, Humans, Male, Methods, Middle Aged, Mortality, Smoking

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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The Effectiveness of Adjustment by Subclassification in Removing Bias in Observational Studies

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