The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Regression in Autism: Prevalence and Associated Factors in the CHARGE Study
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of regressive autism and associated demographic, medical, and developmental factors by using 2 different definitions of regression based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised. Methods Subjects were aged 2 to 5 years, with autism (AU) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) confirmed by standardized measures. Children with regression, defined as a) loss of both language and social skills or b) loss of either language or social skills, were compared with each other and to children with AU or ASD with no reported loss of skills on developmental and adaptive functioning. Parents reported on seizure, gastrointestinal, and sleep concerns. Results Fifteen percent (50/333) of the combined AU-ASD group lost both language and social skills; 41% (138/333) lost either language or social skills. No differences were found between the 2 samples of children with regression. Few developmental, demographic, or medical differences were found between the combined regression group and children without loss of skills, in both the larger AU-ASD sample and the more homogeneous AU-only sample. Children with regression had significantly lower communication scores than children without regression. Conclusions The prevalence of regression in a large sample of young children with AU and ASD varies depending on the definition used; requiring loss of language significantly underestimates the frequency of developmental regression. Children with r…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis suggested a mean prevalence of parentreported regression of 32% (Barger et al. 2013), but rates vary depending on how stringent a definition is employed (Hansen et al. 2008, Stefanatos 2008).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Hansen et al. 2008
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Wakefield, A., Murch, S., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A., Thomson, M., Harvey, P., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0 · Cited by 3,006
RetractedDescriptive epidemiology of autism in a California population: Who is at risk?
Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., & Selvin, S. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1015405914950 · Cited by 358
Self-citationAge of Symptom Onset in Young Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders
ROGERS, S. J., & DILALLA, D. L. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199011000-00004 · Cited by 243
Research works printed but not linked: 29
- Fombonne, 2001, No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism, Pediatrics, 108, E58, 10.1542/peds.108.4.e58 · DOI · Paper page
- Lingam, 2003, Prevalence of autism and parentally reported triggers in a north east London population, Arch Dis Child, 88, 666, 10.1136/adc.88.8.666 · DOI · Paper page
- Lord, 2004, Regression and word loss in autistic spectrum disorders, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 45, 936, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00287.x · DOI
- Luyster, 2005, Early regression in social communication in autism spectrum disorders: a CPEA Study, Dev Neuropsychol, 27, 311, 10.1207/s15326942dn2703_2 · DOI
- Goldberg, 2003, Language and other regression: assessment and timing, J Autism Dev Disord, 33, 607, 10.1023/B:JADD.0000005998.47370.ef · DOI
- Ozonoff, 2005, Parental report of the early development of children with regressive autism: the delays-plus-regression phenotype, Autism, 9, 461, 10.1177/1362361305057880 · DOI
- Lainhart, 2002, Autism, regression, and the broader autism phenotype, Am J Med Gen, 113, 231, 10.1002/ajmg.10615 · DOI
- Kurita, 1985, Infantile autism with speech loss before the age of 30 months, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 24, 191, 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60447-7 · DOI
- Davidovitch, 2000, Developmental regression in autism: maternal perception, J Autism Dev Disord, 30, 113, 10.1023/A:1005403421141 · DOI
- Wilson, 2003, Clinical characteristics of language regression in children, Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 508, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00950.x · DOI
- Kobayashi, 1998, Setback phenomenon in autism and long-term prognosis, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 98, 296, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10087.x · DOI
- Baird, 2006, Sleep electroencephalograms in young children with autism with and without regression, Dev Med Child Neurol, 48, 604, 10.1017/S0012162206001265 · DOI
- Rapin, 1995, Autistic regression and disintegrative disorder: how important the role of epilepsy?, Semin Pediatr Neurol, 2, 278, 10.1016/S1071-9091(95)80007-7 · DOI
- Tuchman, 1997, Regression in pervasive developmental disorders: seizures and epileptiform electroencephalogram correlates, Pediatrics, 99, 560, 10.1542/peds.99.4.560 · DOI
- Richler, 2006, Is there a ‘regressive phenotype’ of autism spectrum disorder associated with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine? A CPEA study, J Autism Dev Disord, 36, 299, 10.1007/s10803-005-0070-1 · DOI · Paper page
- Valicenti-McDermott, 2006, Frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autistic spectrum disorders and association with family history of autoimmune disease, J Dev Behav Pediatrics, 27, S128, 10.1097/00004703-200604002-00011 · DOI · Paper page
- Molloy, 2003, Prevalence of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism and autistic spectrum disorders, Autism, 7, 165, 10.1177/1362361303007002004 · DOI · Paper page
- Niehus, 2006, Early medical history of children with autism spectrum disorders, J Dev Behav Pediatr, 27, S120, 10.1097/00004703-200604002-00010 · DOI · Paper page
- Bernabei, 2007, Regression versus no regression in the autistic disorder: developmental trajectories, J Autism Dev Disord, 37, 580, 10.1007/s10803-006-0201-3 · DOI
- Brown, 1995, Brief report: the impact of regression on language development in autism, J Autism Dev Disord, 25, 305, 10.1007/BF02179291 · DOI
- Burack, 1992, Development of low- and high-functioning autistic children, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 33, 607, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00894.x · DOI
- Werner, 2005, Variation in early developmental course in autism and its relation with behavioral outcome at 3-4 years of age, J Autism Dev Disord, 35, 337, 10.1007/s10803-005-3301-6 · DOI
- Hertz-Picciotto, 2006, The CHARGE study: an epidemiologic investigation of genetic and environmental factors contributing to autism, Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1119, 10.1289/ehp.8483 · DOI
- Short, 1988, Factors relating to age of onset in autism, J Autism Dev Disord, 18, 207, 10.1007/BF02211947 · DOI
- Tolbert, 2001, Brief report: lack of correlation between age of symptom onset and contemporaneous presentation, J Autism Dev Disord, 31, 241, 10.1023/A:1010763502253 · DOI
- Harper, 1975, Age and type of onset as critical variables in early infantile autism, J Autism Child Schizophr, 5, 25, 10.1007/BF01537970 · DOI
- Canitano, 2005, Epilepsy, electroencephalographic abnormalities, and regression in children with autism, J Child Neurol, 20, 27, 10.1177/08830738050200010401 · DOI
- Hrdlicka, 2004, Not EEG abnormalities but epilepsy is associated with autistic regression and mental functioning in childhood autism, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 13, 209, 10.1007/s00787-004-0353-7 · DOI
- Ashwood, 2007, Brief report: plasma leptin levels are elevated in autism: association with early onset phenotype?, J Autism Dev Disord
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–140 of 140
Developmental Regression in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Implications for Clinical Outcomes
Barger, B. D., & Campbell, J. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_84 · Cited by 9
“2004) and language/social (Hansen et al. 2008) regression have found no differences between children with ASD-R and ASD-NR.”
BackgroundInfluentialOnset of Intervention for Learners in Autism-Specific Government-Funded Schools in South Africa
Erasmus, S., Kritzinger, A., & van der Linde, J. (2019) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2019.1653449 · Cited by 4
Les signes précoces de l’autisme
Bargiacchi, A. (2011) · PSN · doi:10.1007/s11836-010-0158-3 · Cited by 6
Reyes, N., Soke, G. N., Wiggins, L. D., Barger, B. D., Moody, E. J., Rosenberg, C. R., Schieve, L. A., Reaven, J. A., Reynolds, A., & Hepburn, S. (2023) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-023-09929-1 · Cited by 5
“Similar to previous findings, most preschool children with ASD were not reported to lose previously acquired skills in our study (Baird et al., 2008; Hansen et al., 2008 ).”
Tamanaha, A. C., Machado, G., Loebmann, C., & Perissinoto, J. (2014) · International Symposium on Cooperative Database Systems for Advanced Applications · doi:10.1590/2317-1782/201420130021 · Cited by 4
“It is important to mention that all the children with speech regression also presented with loss of social skills and ludic activities, thus characterizing the episode as autistic regression, as described by many authors((1-7,13-17)).”
InfluentialChauhan, V. P. S., & Chauhan, A. (2014) · Oxidative stress in applied basic research and clinical practice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2_4 · Cited by 7
Tonekaboni, S. H., Iaboni, A., Trost, B., Reuter, M., Lindenmaier, Z., Kushki, A., Kelley, E., Jones, J., Ayub, M., Georgiades, S., et al. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70029 · Cited by 3
“However, population-based surveys have failed to replicate this effect (Kantzer et al. 2013; Fernell et al. 2010; Hansen et al. 2008), as have some other smaller studies (Baird et al. 2006; Gaitanis et al. 2023).”
Risk factors and clinical characteristics of autism spectrum disorder with regression in China
Han, L., Guan, L.-Y., Zhang, Z., Li, W.-Q., Li, J., Bao, C.-X., Ye, M., Tang, M., & Ke, X.-Y. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3008 · Cited by 3
“Nevertheless, the outcomes of these investigations have yielded inconclusive results (Baird, Charman, et al., 2008a; Baird, Pickles, et al., 2008b; Hansen et al., 2008; Shoffner et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2015).”
Geschwind, D. H., & Spence, S. J. (2008) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000275625.39937.54 · Cited by 2
“There have been few large-scale, epidemiologic studies of features associated with the ASDs, so that the frequencies presented above are conservative estimates based on an amalgamation of information from various references [12, 59, 63, 71, 77, 84, 88, 94, 119, 131, 138, 146] .”
Liao, X., Shao, J., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101197 · Cited by 4
“Network analyses have revealed significant overlap among DEGs involved in mitochondrial function, synaptic pruning, and pathways traditionally associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.”
InfluentialTime to Plan : How to support everyday planning in adolescents with intellectual disability
Palmqvist, L. (2020) · Studies from the Swedish Institute for Disability Research · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-164916 · Cited by 2
Regressão de linguagem no transtorno do espectro autista: uma revisão sistemática
Backes, B., Zanon, R. B., & Bosa, C. A. (2017) · Psicologia - Teoria e Prática · doi:10.5935/1980-6906/psicologia.v19n2p210-236 · Cited by 2
Developmental language regression in autism: a descriptive study in Sri Lanka
Perera, H. L., Jeewandara, K. C., Seneviratne, S. N., & Guruge, B. C. (2012) · Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health · doi:10.4038/sljch.v41i1.4132 · Cited by 3
Shrestha, M., Suwal, R., Thapa, N., Chhetri, S., Kunwor, B., Regmi, S. K., Shrestha, O., & Mehta, B. (2024) · JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · doi:10.31729/jnma.8499 · Cited by 1
Zaro, C., Harris, H. K., Sideridis, G., Barbaresi, W., & Harstad, E. (2022) · Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001080 · Cited by 1
“compared with ASD alone, although differing definitions of regression used in these studies limit direct comparisons.(7,10,17,18) In addition, in this study, there were no significant differences in Bayley or Vineland Motor standard scores for those with ASD and regression and those with ASD alone.”
ResultEarly identification of learners with autism spectrum disorder: drawing on developmental histories
van Biljon, S., & Kritzinger, A. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2017.1301934 · Cited by 1
Language Regression in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review
Backes, B., Zanon, R. B., & Bosa, C. (2017) · Psicologia - Teoria e Prática · doi:10.5935/1980-6906/psicologia.v19n2p237-263 · Cited by 1
“…that assesses the characteristics of regression 44 children with ASD (M = 6.06 years old; SD = 2.75) Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 11 Hansen et al. (2008) To present the prevalence of DR in ASD and investigate association between type of ASD onset and clinical and demographical…”
BackgroundInfluentialEstudos de comorbidades e dos aspectos genéticos de pacientes com transtorno do espectro autista
Moreira, D. D. P. (2012) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2012.tde-15102012-101307 · Cited by 1
Diet and Supplementation Targeted for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Garcia, M. J., McPherson, P., Patel, S. Y., & Burns, C. O. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1_22 · Cited by 11
Gadow, K. D., Perlman, G., & Weber, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-3004-1 · Cited by 44
Autism Symptoms and Problem Behaviors in Children with and without Developmental Regression
Estabillo, J. A., Matson, J., & Cervantes, P. E. (2017) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-017-9573-x
Rosenthal, E., Waschbusch, D. A., & Mayes, S. D. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261464209
“Findings for developmental regression are similarly mixed, with one study reporting more GI symptoms in children with regression (Reynolds et al., 2021) and others finding no difference (Chandler et al., 2013; Hansen et al., 2008; Molloy & Manning-Courtney, 2003).”
Efe, A., & Kaba, D. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202835
Tsuchiya, K. J., Takahashi, N., Nomura, Y., Newcorn, J., Toda, S., Ishikawa‐Omori, Y., Okumura, A., Rahman, M. S., Iwabuchi, T., Harada, T., et al. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70053
“Early studies have suggested that language delay is associated with the emergence of ASD symptoms or diagnosis later in life (Hansen et al., 2008; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).”
Obodzinskaya, T., Generalov, V. O., Sadykov, T., Aleksandrenkova, A., Larionov, G., & Niculina, L. V. (2023) · Psikhiatriya · doi:10.30629/2618-6667-2023-21-5-47-55
Reversible regression in early childhood
Makarov, I. V., & Krasnoshchekov, S. A. (2021) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2021-56-3-110-118
Fundamental Role of Neurochemicals Aberration in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Meguid, N. A., Ahmed, H. H., Gad, M. A., Baki, O. M. A., Aziz, S. S., & Eskander, E. F. (2020) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.5268
“This is concurrent with Hansen [20] study which recorded regression in 41% of subjects with autism; 26% lost either language or social skills; while 15% lost both.”
Variatie in de vroege trajecten van autismesymptomen
Visser, J. C., Rommelse, N. N. J., Lappenschaar, M. G. A., Servatius-Oosterling, I. J., Greven, C. U., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2019) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/s12453-018-00198-w
Coman, D. (2018) · The Massachusetts General Hospital Guide to Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98643-2_9
Assessing Test Takers With Communication Disorders
Oller, J. W. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118411360.wbcla086
Lawler, C. P., & Halladay, A. K. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470917060.ch10
Brown, W. T. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420068870-c4 · Cited by 2
Risk factors associated with disease severity in autism spectrum disorder
Karagoz, D., Şahin, N., & Kıcalı, R. Ü. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2024.57702
Communicative Acquisition in ASD
Luyster, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_519
Marrus, N. M., & Constantino, J. N. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23581-5 · Cited by 12
Developmental Regression in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Associated Factors and Outcomes
Estabillo, J. A. (2019) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5000
“…status (SES) levels (Delobel-Ayoub et al., 2015; King & Bearman, 2011; Thomas et al., 2012), but studies have not shown developmental regression to be more prevalent among any one SES group (Christopher, Sears, Williams, Oliver, & Hersh, 2004; Davidovitch et al., 2000; Hansen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism
Chauhan, A., Gu, F., & Chauhan, V. P. S. (2014) · Oxidative stress in applied basic research and clinical practice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2_17 · Cited by 2
Factor Analysis and Cut-Off Scores for the Autism Spectrum Disorders-Observation for Children
Hattier, M. A. (2014) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1200
Kozlowski, A. M. (2013) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.641
“Overall, it is agreed that the trajectory of autism symptomatology over the lifespan appears to reach its peak in early childhood, sometimes following a period of regression (Hansen et al., 2008), and then follows a downward trend in adolescence and adulthood.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hansen, R. L., Ozonoff, S., Krakowiak, P., Angkustsiri, K., Jones, C., Deprey, L. J., Le, D.-N., Croen, L. A., & Hertz-Picciotto, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Ambulatory Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-31
- ISSN
- 1530-1567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094395178
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ambulatory Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1 P01-ES11269, R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- regressive autism, developmental regression, autism spectrum disorder, language loss, communication outcomes, young children, CHARGE study, gastrointestinal symptoms, seizures, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Autistic Disorder, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Male, Regression, Psychology, Social Behavior Disorders, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
