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Regression in Autism: Prevalence and Associated Factors in the CHARGE Study
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of regressive autism and associated demographic, medical, and developmental factors by using 2 different definitions of regression based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised. Methods Subjects were aged 2 to 5 years, with autism (AU) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) confirmed by standardized measures. Children with regression, defined as a) loss of both language and social skills or b) loss of either language or social skills, were compared with each other and to children with AU or ASD with no reported loss of skills on developmental and adaptive functioning. Parents reported on seizure, gastrointestinal, and sleep concerns. Results Fifteen percent (50/333) of the combined AU-ASD group lost both language and social skills; 41% (138/333) lost either language or social skills. No differences were found between the 2 samples of children with regression. Few developmental, demographic, or medical differences were found between the combined regression group and children without loss of skills, in both the larger AU-ASD sample and the more homogeneous AU-only sample. Children with regression had significantly lower communication scores than children without regression. Conclusions The prevalence of regression in a large sample of young children with AU and ASD varies depending on the definition used; requiring loss of language significantly underestimates the frequency of developmental regression. Children with r…
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“A recent meta-analysis suggested a mean prevalence of parentreported regression of 32% (Barger et al. 2013), but rates vary depending on how stringent a definition is employed (Hansen et al. 2008, Stefanatos 2008).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Hansen et al. 2008
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A Prospective Study of the Emergence of Early Behavioral Signs of Autism
Ozonoff, S., Iosif, A.-M., Baguio, F., Cook, I. C., Hill, M. M., Hutman, T., Rogers, S. J., Rozga, A., Sangha, S., Sigman, M., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.11.009 · Cited by 1,011
Self-citationAshwood, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Pessah, I., & Van de Water, J. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003 · Cited by 940
“Children confirmed as ASD were divided into subgroups of nonregressive or regressive autism based on the stage of development the child began to display autistic behavior (Hansen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopmental pathways to autism: A review of prospective studies of infants at risk
Jones, E. J. H., Gliga, T., Bedford, R., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.001 · Cited by 607
Geschwind, D. H. (2009) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.053107.121225 · Cited by 512
Howes, O. D., Rogdaki, M., Findon, J. L., Wichers, R. H., Charman, T., King, B. H., Loth, E., McAlonan, G. M., McCracken, J. T., Parr, J. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117741766 · Cited by 342
“However, it is noteworthy that not all head circumference or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric studies support this model (Hansen et al., 2008; Raznahan et al., 2013a,b; Rogers, 2004).”
Holingue, C., Newill, C., Lee, L., Pasricha, P. J., & Daniele Fallin, M. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1854 · Cited by 296
“In addition, the form includes open-ended questions for parents to list food allergies, reasons for diet or food restrictions, and what GI condition(s) have been diagnosed [Hansen et al., 2008; Chaidez et al., 2014].”
BackgroundThe onset of autism: patterns of symptom emergence in the first years of life
Ozonoff, S., Heung, K., Byrd, R., Hansen, R., & Hertz‐Picciotto, I. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.53 · Cited by 293
“If defined narrowly, in the traditional manner (requiring loss of language, as in the ADI-R criteria), regression is less common [Hansen et al., 2008].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationFrom Kanner to DSM-5: Autism as an Evolving Diagnostic Concept
Volkmar, F. R., & McPartland, J. C. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153710 · Cited by 351
Yirmiya, N., & Charman, T. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02214.x · Cited by 234
“Furthermore, fixation or developmental stagnation/ plateau (Hansen et al., 2008; Siperstein & Volkmar, 2004) and/or regression may appear following typical development or after a period of time in which some risk markers (e.”
BackgroundAutism: Maternally derived antibodies specific for fetal brain proteins
Braunschweig, D., Ashwood, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., HANSEN, R., Croen, L., Pessah, I. N., & de Water, J. V. (2007) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2007.10.010 · Cited by 283
Self-citationComorbidity in autism spectrum disorder: a literature review
Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2013) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.006 · Cited by 271
Wang, L. W., Tancredi, D. J., & Thomas, D. W. (2011) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31821bd06a · Cited by 258
Chauhan, A., Gu, F., Essa, M. M., Wegiel, J., Kaur, K., Brown, W. T., & Chauhan, V. (2011) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07189.x · Cited by 243
Prevalence and Onset of Regression within Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-analytic Review
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Heterogeneity within Autism Spectrum Disorders: What have We Learned from Neuroimaging Studies?
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“A recent study of brain volumes in toddlers with regressive versus non-regressive autism (Rogers, 2004; Hansen et al., 2008) of the same clinical severity also only found increased brain volumes in males with the regressive subtypes, while males with non-regressive autism were not different than controls.”
BackgroundLevitt, P., & Campbell, D. B. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci37934 · Cited by 234
Brain enlargement is associated with regression in preschool-age boys with autism spectrum disorders
Nordahl, C. W., LANGE, N. D., Li, D. D., Barnett, L. A., Lee, A., Buonocore, M. H., Simon, T. J., Rogers, S. J., Ozonoff, S. J., & Amaral, D. G. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1107560108 · Cited by 247
“The rate of regression in our sample of children with autism was 54%, which is similar to that of recent large-scale population-based studies (21, 22).”
ResultSelf-citationRecent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112745 · Cited by 224
“A recent meta-analysis suggested a mean prevalence of parentreported regression of 32% (Barger et al. 2013), but rates vary depending on how stringent a definition is employed (Hansen et al. 2008, Stefanatos 2008).”
MethodPicci, G., & Scherf, K. S. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614540646 · Cited by 253
“Also, unlike models of “regressive autism,” which attempt to explain the acquisition and subsequent loss of skills or behaviors (Hansen et al., 2008), our model is designed to explain why individuals with autism overwhelmingly fail to acquire adult levels of adaptive functioning.”
BackgroundReduced levels of immunoglobulin in children with autism correlates with behavioral symptoms
Heuer, L., Ashwood, P., Schauer, J., Goines, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Croen, L. A., Pessah, I. N., & Van de Water, J. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.42 · Cited by 190
“Using clinical characteristics reported in the Early Development Questionnaire [Ozonoff, Williams, & Landa, 2005] and answers to questions regarding loss of language (Q11) and social skills (Q25) from the ADI-R, the autism population was further divided into two groups based on the clinical onset of autistic symptoms:…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPolybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study
Hertz-Picciotto, I., Bergman, Å., Fängström, B., Rose, M., Krakowiak, P., Pessah, I., Hansen, R., & Bennett, D. H. (2011) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-10-1 · Cited by 167
“Regression versus early onset status was defined as loss of either language or social skills using ADI-R and EDQ questions [28].”
MethodSelf-citationWills, S., Cabanlit, M., Bennett, J., Ashwood, P., Amaral, D. G., & Van de Water, J. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.07.007 · Cited by 163
Regression in Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Stefanatos, G. A. (2008) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y · Cited by 161
“Hansen et al. (2008) examined the prevalence of regression in 333 children with ASD using both a narrow and broad definition of regression.”
MethodLoss of language in early development of autism and specific language impairment
Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Conti‐Ramsden, G., Falcaro, M., Simkin, Z., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02032.x · Cited by 154
“However, few differences in risk factors and correlates have been found between those with and without loss (Lord et al., 2004; Hansen et al., 2008 ).”
BackgroundOnset Patterns in Autism: Correspondence Between Home Video and Parent Report
Ozonoff, S., Iosif, A.-M., Young, G. S., Hepburn, S., Thompson, M., Colombi, C., Cook, I. C., Werner, E., Goldring, S., Baguio, F., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.03.012 · Cited by 151
“org lose spoken language, although this is less universal.(4)”
BackgroundSelf-citationOzonoff, S., & Iosif, A.-M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.012 · Cited by 146
“While it was long believed that the majority of children with ASD demonstrated an early onset pattern, more recent studies suggest that regressive onset occurs more frequently than previously recognized (Brignell et al., 2017; Hansen et al., 2008; Kern et al., 2015; Pickles et al., 2009; Shumway et al., 2011; Thurm et…”
Self-citationPatterns of developmental trajectories in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder
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“Indeed, in recent years, there are reports of higher proportions of children showing marked reductions in symptoms or even “moving off” the spectrum (Helt et al., 2008; Kleinman et al., 2008; Sutera et al., 2007).”
BackgroundA Review of Embodiment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Eigsti, I. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00224 · Cited by 116
“In other words, conversational gestures reflect the operation of embodied cognition, a notion supported by numerous empirical findings (Hanlon et al., 1990; Hansen et al., 2008; Iverson and Thelen, 1999; Kita and Ozyurek, 2003).”
BackgroundRelevance of Neuroinflammation and Encephalitis in Autism
Kern, J. K., Geier, D. A., Sykes, L. K., & Geier, M. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00519 · Cited by 117
Behavioral Correlates of Maternal Antibody Status Among Children with Autism
Braunschweig, D., Duncanson, P., Boyce, R., Hansen, R., Ashwood, P., Pessah, I. N., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., & de Water, J. V. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1378-7 · Cited by 110
Self-citationAutism and mitochondrial disease
Haas, R. (2010) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.112 · Cited by 119
Friedrich, E. V. C., Suttie, N., Sivanathan, A., Lim, T., Louchart, S., & Pineda, J. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2014.00021 · Cited by 99
“Individuals with high functioning ASD show deficits primarily in social and communicative skills such as imitation, empathy, and shared attention, as well as restricted interests and repetitive patterns of behaviors.”
BackgroundRegression of language and non‐language skills in pervasive developmental disorders
Meilleur, A. S., & Fombonne, E. J. (2008) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01134.x · Cited by 97
“However, other studies have found few, if any, clinically meaningful differences in the outcome of regressive vs. nonregressive autism (Hansen et al. 2008).”
ResultInfluentialEvidence of neurodegeneration in autism spectrum disorder
Kern, J. K., Geier, D. A., Sykes, L. K., & Geier, M. R. (2013) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/2047-9158-2-17 · Cited by 95
Medical treatment of autism spectrum disorders
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Boterberg, S., Charman, T., Marschik, P. B., Bölte, S., & Roeyers, H. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.013 · Cited by 77
Jones, L. A., & Campbell, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0823-3 · Cited by 76
Pearson, N., Charman, T., Happé, F., Bolton, P. F., & McEwen, F. S. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2035 · Cited by 75
Onset Patterns in Autism: Variation Across Informants, Methods, and Timing
Ozonoff, S., Gangi, D., Hanzel, E., Hill, A., Hill, M., Miller, M. R., Schwichtenberg, A. J., Steinfeld, M., Parikh, C. A., & Iosif, A.-M. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1943 · Cited by 75
“…an early onset pattern, more recent studies suggest that regressive onset occurs more frequently than previously recognized [Brignell et al., 2017; Hansen et al., 2008; Kern, Geier, & Geier, 2015; Shumway et al., 2011; Thurm, Manwaring, Luckenbaugh, Lord, & Swedo, 2014; for a review, see…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSleep Problems in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review
Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2013) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-013-0009-y · Cited by 74
“Actigraphy is an objective measure of sleep that is conducted by monitoring night time movement of the limbs (Hodge et al., 2012). It involves wearing a wristwatch-like microcomputer that records motion. Meltzer, Montgomery-Downs, Insana, and Walsh (2012) have provided a thorough review on the use of actigraphy for as…”
InfluentialShumway, S., Thurm, A., Swedo, S. E., Deprey, L., Barnett, L. A., Amaral, D. G., Rogers, S. J., & Ozonoff, S. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1203-3 · Cited by 69
“…et al., 2010; Richler, et al., 2006; Rogers & DiLalla, 1990), while others have found no group differences in cognitive level or symptom severity (Hansen et al., 2008; Jones & Campbell, 2010; Short & Schopler, 1988; Werner, Dawson, Munson, & Osterling, 2005) or even higher skills in children…”
Self-citationEarly Identification of Autism
Webb, S. J., & Jones, E. J. H. (2009) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0b013e3181a02f7f · Cited by 105
“For example, in a recent study, 17% of 333 children lost both language and social skills, and 41% lost either language or social skills (Hansen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVisser, J. C., Rommelse, N. N. J., Lappenschaar, M. G. A., Servatius-Oosterling, I. J., Greven, C. U., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.022 · Cited by 64
Springer, P. E., van Toorn, R., Laughton, B., & Kidd, M. (2013) · South African Journal of Child Health · doi:10.7196/sajch.530 · Cited by 65
“[25] Up to 40% of children with ASD experience developmental regression, most often involving loss of speech and/or social responsiveness.([26]) The prevalence of developmental regression in our study was 17.”
BackgroundClassification of autism and related conditions: progress, challenges, and opportunities
Volkmar, F., Reichow, B., & McPartland, J. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.3/fvolkmar · Cited by 59
Healthcare for children with autism: the Autism Treatment Network
Coury, D., Jones, N. E., Klatka, K., Winklosky, B., & Perrin, J. (2009) · Current opinion in pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e328331eaaa · Cited by 56
MAOA, DBH, and SLC6A4 variants in CHARGE: a case–control study of autism spectrum disorders
Tassone, F., Qi, L., Zhang, W., Hansen, R. L., Pessah, I. N., & Hertz‐Picciotto, I. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.196 · Cited by 53
“Although the majority of children with autism are diagnosed because they fail to reach the established developmental milestones, approximately 30–50% show regression in language or social skills after an initial period which may be characterized by either typical or atypical development [Goldberg et al., 2003; Hansen…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAutism spectrum disorders in Hispanics and non-Hispanics
Chaidez, V., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz‐Picciotto, I. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311434787 · Cited by 50
“Regressive status (regression vs. no regression) was determined using the ADI-R based on loss of language (a score of 1 on ADI-R question 11) and/or social skills (a score ≥ 1 on ADI-R question 25) (Hansen et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationOnset Patterns Prior to 36 Months in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kalb, L. G., Law, J. K., Landa, R., & Law, P. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0998-7 · Cited by 49
“Both Goldberg et al. (2003) and Hansen et al. (2009) report onethird to half of the children they studied with regression had both social and language losses, while a fifth to over one-third presented with social losses alone, respectively.”
Dell’Osso, L., Massoni, L., Battaglini, S., Cremone, I. M., Carmassi, C., & Carpita, B. (2022) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-022-00390-6 · Cited by 48
Wegiel, J., Flory, M., Kuchna, I., Nowicki, K., Ma, S. Y., Imaki, H., Wegiel, J., Frackowiak, J., Kolecka, B. M., Wierzba-Bobrowicz, T., et al. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0183-5 · Cited by 47
“The regression with the loss of previously acquired skills, including verbal, nonverbal, and social abilities, reported in 15% to 62% of individuals with autism [13-17] suggests that clinical deterioration might be associated with structural changes.”
BackgroundGastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review
Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2014) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-013-0007-0 · Cited by 45
Gómez-Fernández, A., de la Torre-Aguilar, M., Gil-Campos, M., Flores-Rojas, K., Cruz-Rico, M. D., Martín-Borreguero, P., & Pérez-Navero, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00264 · Cited by 45
“Language regression is the most obvious form of regression, but regressive autism can also be accompanied by more global regression involving loss of social attention, social skills and social interest (4).”
BackgroundThimerosal Exposure and the Role of Sulfation Chemistry and Thiol Availability in Autism
Kern, J. K., Haley, B. E., Geier, D. A., Sykes, L. K., King, P. G., & Geier, M. R. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10083771 · Cited by 42
Patterns of Early Skill Attainment and Loss in Young Children with Autism
Thurm, A., Manwaring, S. S., Luckenbaugh, D., Lord, C., & Swedo, S. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000874 · Cited by 42
“…with respect to differences in outcome between the two seemingly dichotomous groups (e.g., Davidovitch, Glick, Holtzman, Tirosh, & Safir, 2000; Hansen et al., 2008), even when other onset categories and those that consider early delays have been included (Jones & Campbell, 2010; Kalb et al.,…”
BackgroundResultPineda, J. A., Juavinett, A., & Datko, M. (2012) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.031 · Cited by 44
Cuccaro, M., Tuchman, R., Hamilton, K., Wright, H., Abramson, R., Haines, J., Gilbert, J., & Pericak-Vance, M. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1402-y · Cited by 39
Constantino, J. N., & Marrus, N. M. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.008 · Cited by 26
Modeling autism: a systems biology approach
Randolph-Gips, M. M., & Srinivasan, P. N. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/2043-9113-2-17 · Cited by 49
“Some show signs of autism from birth, while others appear to have a period of normal development, and then regress [12].”
BackgroundThurm, A. E., Powell, E. M., Neul, J. L., Wagner, A., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1903 · Cited by 45
“, 2008], gastrointestinal problems [Baird, Charman, et al., 2008; Hansen et al., 2008] or epilepsy [Baird, Charman, et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGoin‐Kochel, R. P., Esler, A., Kanne, S. M., & Bal, V. H. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.04.002 · Cited by 40
Ji, L., Chauhan, V. P. S., Flory, M. J., & Chauhan, A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023751 · Cited by 37
“social behavior [6], but some affected children show only loss of”
BackgroundRegression in autism spectrum disorders
Williams, K. J., Brignell, A., Prior, M. R., Bartak, L., & Roberts, J. (2015) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12805 · Cited by 34
Bradley, C. C., Boan, A., Cohen, A., Charles, J. M., & Carpenter, L. (2016) · Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000316 · Cited by 32
Matson, J. L., & Sipes, M. (2010) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-009-9184-2 · Cited by 32
Interventions on Microbiota: Where Do We Stand on a Gut–Brain Link in Autism? A Systematic Review
Prosperi, M., Santocchi, E., Guiducci, L., Frinzi, J., Morales, M. A., Tancredi, R., Muratori, F., & Calderoni, S. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030462 · Cited by 34
“Other tools used are PedsQL GI Module Scales (n = 1), questionnaire on pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms–Rome III [42] (n = 1), GI History survey [43] (n = 1), and GI symptom rating scale [44] (n = 2; GSRS).”
MethodInflammatory Biomarkers are Correlated with Some Forms of Regressive Autism Spectrum Disorder
Prosperi, M., Guiducci, L., Peroni, D., Narducci, C., Gaggini, M., Calderoni, S., Tancredi, R., Morales, M. A., Gastaldelli, A., Muratori, F., et al. (2019) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci9120366 · Cited by 29
Regression in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Malhi, P., & SINGHI, P. D. (2012) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-012-0683-2 · Cited by 25
Minor physical anomalies in children with autism spectrum disorders
Angkustsiri, K., Krakowiak, P., Moghaddam, B., Wardinsky, T. D., Gardner, J. O., Kalamkarian, N., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., & Hansen, R. L. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361310397620 · Cited by 28
“While developmental regression is a documented phenomenon in ASD, we do not yet understand its etiology, and meaningful differences in the characteristics of children with and without regression have not yet been identified (Hansen et al., 2008; Stefanatos, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFad, Pseudoscientific, and Controversial Interventions
Travers, J. C., Ayers, K., Simpson, R. L., & Crutchfield, S. A. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30925-5_9 · Cited by 33
Barger, B., Campbell, J. M., & Simmons, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2016.1208812 · Cited by 25
“Compared to the unsubstantial ORs of the other population-based studies (ORrange = 0.70–1.18; Baird et al., 2008; Eriksson et al., 2013; Fombonne et al., 2004; Hansen et al., 2008), Wiggins et al. (2009) reported differences in ASD-R and ASD-NR at the upper end of the small range (OR = 2.39).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEsler, A., Hall‐Lande, J., & Hewitt, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3232-z · Cited by 23
“Previous investigations have reported approximately one-third to one-half of children with ASD experience regression (Hansen et al. 2008; Goin-Kochel et al. 2014; Lord et al. 2004; Wiggins et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMitochondrial respiratory chain defects in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders
Chauhan, A., Gu, F., & Chauhan, V. P. S. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Biochemistry · doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586418 · Cited by 25
“regressive autism varies in different studies from 15% to 62% of cases [39–41].”
BackgroundCaracterísticas Sintomatológicas de Crianças com Autismo e Regressão da Linguagem Oral
Backes, B., Zanon, R. B., & Bosa, C. A. (2017) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/0102.3772e3343 · Cited by 37
Evaluation of regression in autism spectrum disorder based on parental reports
Kern, J. K., Geier, D. A., & Geier, M. R. (2014) · North American Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/1947-2714.125867 · Cited by 26
“This fi nding is within the range of previous studies.[6,7,13,14,32]”
BackgroundResultAssociation of GABRG3, GABRB3, HTR2A gene variants with autism spectrum disorder
Coskunpinar, E. M., Tur, S., Cevher Binici, N., & Yazan Songür, C. (2023) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2023.147399 · Cited by 21
Fein, D., & Helt, M. (2017) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617717001096 · Cited by 20
“…is also quite varied; symptoms may appear during the first year of life (Ozonoff et al., 2010; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005) or as late as the third year (Ozonoff et al., 2015; Rogers, 2009); some children show regression in language and/or social attainments in the second year (Hansen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundErasmus, S., Kritzinger, A., & Geertsema, S. (2015) · South African Journal of Childhood Education · doi:10.4102/sajce.v5i1.349 · Cited by 13
Boterberg, S., Coster, R. V., & Roeyers, H. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04183-x · Cited by 24
Cell therapy approaches to autism: a review of clinical trial data
Price, J. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00348-z · Cited by 18
Ji, L., Chauhan, A., & Chauhan, V. P. S. (2012) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.4742 · Cited by 16
“The reported incidence of regressive autism varies from 15% to 62% of cases in different studies [23-26].”
BackgroundAsiri, W. A., Shati, A. A., Al‐Qahtani, S. M., Alqahtani, Y. A., Aldarami, M. S., AlAmri, F. D., Alshahrani, H. T., & Mahmood, S. E. (2023) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s377521 · Cited by 26
“In some children, signs of autism can be seen as early as 12 months with babies that do not babble, other children may develop normal language and social skills for a time, but then begin to regress with autism which is called “regressive autism”.(15) Early identification and diagnosis will help parents in planning a…”
BackgroundManelis, L., Meiri, G., Ilan, M., Flusser, H., Michaelovski, A., Faroy, M., Kerub, O., Dinstein, I., & Menashe, I. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2197 · Cited by 19
“One well-known developmental characteristic that may hold relevant potential is regression [Hansen et al., 2008].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialParental Conceptualizations of Autism and Deafness in British Deaf Children.
Young, A., Ferguson-Coleman, E., Wright, B., & Couteur, A. L. (2019) · Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enz002 · Cited by 13
Does theory of mind performance differ in children with early‐onset and regressive autism?
Matthews, N. L., Goldberg, W. A., Lukowski, A. F., Osann, K., Abdullah, M. M., Ly, A. R., Thorsen, K. L., & Spence, M. A. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01094.x · Cited by 11
Martín-Borreguero, P., Gómez-Fernández, A., de la Torre-Aguilar, M., Gil-Campos, M., Flores-Rojas, K., & Pérez-Navero, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644324 · Cited by 12
“Although regression has been previously linked to worse prognostic outcomes (8), such as impaired cognitive performance (9) and higher scores on the ADI-R (10), other studies have reported different findings (11).”
ResultLanguage regression in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kumar, S., Karmakar, P., & Mohanan, A. (2013) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.12.004 · Cited by 7
“The finding of present study in terms of loss in all three categories is comparable with previous studies [15,19,21,31,32].”
ResultRisk Factors for Autistic Regression
Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., Liu, J., Li, S.-C., & Xu, X. (2012) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073811430163 · Cited by 24
“In comparison with nonregressive autistic children, regression is associated with poorer prognosis, reflected as lower cognitive and adaptive outcomes in several investigations.(16,20,25)”
BackgroundResultUsing big data from long-form recordings to study development and optimize societal impact.
Cychosz, M., & Cristia, A. (2021) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ybqfw · Cited by 10
Clinical Profile of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Pediatric Population from Northern Mexico
González-Cortés, T., Gutiérrez-Contreras, E., Espino-Silva, P. K., Cruz, J. H.-S., Álvarez-Cruz, D., Rosales-González, C. C., Sida-Godoy, C., Nava-Hernández, M. P., López-Márquez, F. C., & Ruíz-Flores, P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04154-2 · Cited by 11
Communication and its Development in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Paul, R., & Simmons, E. S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108297769.005 · Cited by 4
Backes, B., Zanon, R. B., & Bosa, C. (2013) · International Symposium on Cooperative Database Systems for Advanced Applications · doi:10.1590/s2317-17822013000300013 · Cited by 9
“The co-occurrence of oral language regression and loss of social skills was observed in the majority of children in this study, which has also been reported in previous findings((12,28)).”
BackgroundResultPrescott, K. E., & Weismer, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05098-2 · Cited by 8
Loss of Acquired Skills: Regression in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kim, Y. R., Song, D., Bong, G., Han, J. H., & Yoo, H. J. (2023) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.220029 · Cited by 7
Mitochondria and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Naviaux, R. K. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391924-3.00012-0 · Cited by 9
Neurotoxic Brainstem Impairment as Proposed Threshold Event in Autistic Regression
McGinnis, W. R., Miller, V. M., AUDHYA, T. K., & Edelson, S. B. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420068870-c9 · Cited by 7
“The earliest accounts of autism included descriptions of regression (Kanner, 1943), an intriguing phenomenon, which has been well documented as a true loss of acquired function in children later diagnosed with autism (Goldberg et al., 2003; Hansen et al., 2008; Lord et al., 2004; Werner and Dawson, 2005).”
BackgroundNarzisi, A., Halladay, A., Masi, G., Novarino, G., & Lord, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1287879 · Cited by 6
“…the use of stem cells in autism therapy, some studies have reported the so-called immune brain axis (38), although it is correct to point out that published studies to date have not done patient stratification to test the effect of the intervention on patients with ASD + immune dysfunction (39, 40).”
Havdahl, A., Farmer, C., Surén, P., Øyen, A., Magnus, P. M., Susser, E., Lipkin, W. I., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., Stoltenberg, C., Bishop, S. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13792 · Cited by 8
A regressão do desenvolvimento no autismo: pesquisa e questões conceituais
Lampréia, C. (2013) · Revista Educação Especial · doi:10.5902/1984686x10071 · Cited by 6
Le diagnostic précoce dans les troubles du spectre autistique
Chabane, N. (2012) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2012.07.002 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Hansen, R. L., Ozonoff, S., Krakowiak, P., Angkustsiri, K., Jones, C., Deprey, L. J., Le, D.-N., Croen, L. A., & Hertz-Picciotto, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Ambulatory Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-31
- ISSN
- 1530-1567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094395178
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ambulatory Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1 P01-ES11269, R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- regressive autism, developmental regression, autism spectrum disorder, language loss, communication outcomes, young children, CHARGE study, gastrointestinal symptoms, seizures, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Autistic Disorder, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Male, Regression, Psychology, Social Behavior Disorders, Prevalence
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