The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss
Open accessAbstract
Background Self-monitoring for weight loss has traditionally been performed with paper diaries. Technologic advances could reduce the burden of self-monitoring and provide feedback to enhance adherence. Purpose To determine if self-monitoring diet using a PDA only or the PDA with daily tailored feedback (PDA+FB), was superior to using a paper diary on weight loss and maintenance. Design The Self-Monitoring and Recording Using Technology (SMART) Trial was a 24-month RCCT; participants were randomly assigned to one of three self-monitoring groups. Setting/participants From 2006 to 2008, 210 overweight/obese adults (84.8% female, 78.1% white) were recruited from the community. Data were analyzed in 2011. Intervention Participants received standard behavioral treatment for weight loss which included dietary and physical activity goals, encouraged the use of self-monitoring, and was delivered in group sessions. Main outcome measures Percentage weight change at 24 months, adherence to self-monitoring over time. Results Study retention was 85.6%. The mean percentage weight loss at 24 months was not different among groups (paper diary: −1.94% [95% CI= −3.88, 0.01], PDA: −1.38% [95% CI= – 3.38, 0.62], PDA+FB: –2.32% [95% CI= –4.29, −0.35]); only the PDA+FB group (p=0.02) demonstrated a significant loss. For adherence to self-monitoring, there was a time-by-treatment group interaction between the combined PDA groups and the paper diary group (p=0.03) but no difference between PDA and PDA+FB groups (p=0.49). Across all groups, weight loss was greater for those who were adherent ≥60% versus <30% of the time, p<0.001. Conclusions PDA+FB use resulted in a small weight loss at 24 months; PDA use resulted in greater adherence to dietary self-monitoring over time. However, for sustained weight loss, adherence to self-monitoring is more important than the method used to self-monitor. A daily feedback message delivered remotely enhanced adherence and improved weight loss, which suggests that technology can play a role in improving weight loss.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a 24-month randomized trial of 210 overweight/obese adults, PDA-based self-monitoring with daily tailored feedback produced a small significant 24-month weight loss, while PDA use without feedback improved adherence to dietary self-monitoring more than paper diaries. Across groups, greater self-monitoring adherence was associated with greater weight loss, suggesting adherence matters more than self-monitoring method.
Key findings
- Mean percentage weight loss at 24 months did not differ among groups: paper diary −1.94% (95% CI −3.88, 0.01), PDA −1.38% (95% CI −3.38, 0.62), PDA+FB −2.32% (95% CI −4.29, −0.35); only PDA+FB showed significant within-group loss (p=0.02).
- Adherence to self-monitoring showed a time-by-treatment interaction between the combined PDA groups and the paper diary group (p=0.03), with no PDA vs PDA+FB difference (p=0.49); more PDA participants were adherent ≥60% than paper diary participants (PDA vs paper p=0.03; PDA+FB vs paper p=0.01).
- Across all groups, weight loss was greater for those adherent ≥60% versus <30% (p<0.001); at 18 months, 19%–20% of PDA groups remained adherent ≥30% compared with 8% of the paper diary group.
- Study retention was 85.6% in the abstract and 85.7% at 24 months in the results.
Methods
- 24-month RCT; 210 overweight/obese adults recruited from the community in 2006–2008 (84.8% female, 78.1% white); randomized to paper diary, PDA, or PDA+FB; all received standard behavioral weight loss treatment in group sessions.
- Primary outcome: percentage weight change at 24 months; secondary outcome: adherence to dietary self-monitoring, defined as percentage of days recording adequate calories, with nonadherence assumed if a diary was not submitted.
- Analysis: intent-to-treat; linear mixed modeling with linear contrasts, ANOVA, and generalized estimating equations; missing weight observations handled by assuming a 0.3 kg/month increase; SAS 9.1; two-sided significance at 0.05.
Limitations
- Stated: male representation was disappointing; recruitment strategies targeting men were implemented, but many eligible men did not complete screening. The paper also states that the impact of more-proximal feedback needs further investigation and that the novel design makes comparisons challenging.
- Stated/design: adherence to self-monitoring was limited to 18 months because there was only one contact in the final 6 months.
- Evident: the sample was predominantly female (84.8%) and white (78.1%), limiting generalizability; adherence relied on self-monitoring records, and missing weight data were imputed rather than fully observed.
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0 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean percentage weight loss at 24 months was not different among groups (paper diary: −1.94% [95% CI= −3.88, 0.01], PDA: −1.38% [95% CI= – 3.38, 0.62], PDA+FB: –2.32% [95% CI= –4.29, −0.35]); only the PDA+FB group (p=0.02) demonstrated a significant loss.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant within-group difference in weight over time was found for the PDA+FB group (p=0.02) with an average 2.32% weight loss but not for the other two groups (paper diary: – 1.94%, PDA: –1.38%).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Percentage Weight Change
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all groups, weight loss was greater for those who were adherent ≥60% versus <30% of the time, p<0.001.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean percentage weight loss at 24 months was not different among groups (paper diary: −1.94% [95% CI= −3.88, 0.01], PDA: −1.38% [95% CI= – 3.38, 0.62], PDA+FB: –2.32% [95% CI= –4.29, −0.35]); only the PDA+FB group (p=0.02) demonstrated a significant loss.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For adherence to self-monitoring, there was a time-by-treatment group interaction between the combined PDA groups and the paper diary group (p=0.03) but no difference between PDA and PDA+FB groups (p=0.49).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For adherence to self-monitoring, there was a time-by-treatment group interaction between the combined PDA groups and the paper diary group (p=0.03) but no difference between PDA and PDA+FB groups (p=0.49).”
- Also stated in: § Self-Monitoring · plain
“Difference in adherence over time between the combined PDA and PDA+FB group and the paper diary group was significant (p=0.03).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Self-Monitoring · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean percentage weight loss at 24 months was not different among groups (paper diary: −1.94% [95% CI= −3.88, 0.01], PDA: −1.38% [95% CI= – 3.38, 0.62], PDA+FB: –2.32% [95% CI= –4.29, −0.35]); only the PDA+FB group (p=0.02) demonstrated a significant loss.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean percentage weight loss at 24 months was not different among groups (paper diary: −1.94% [95% CI= −3.88, 0.01], PDA: −1.38% [95% CI= – 3.38, 0.62], PDA+FB: –2.32% [95% CI= –4.29, −0.35]); only the PDA+FB group (p=0.02) demonstrated a significant loss.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 6 months, a higher proportion of the PDA+FB group achieved ≥5% weight loss; however, this was not sustained at 24 months.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Percentage Weight Change
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the weight regain among some participants, mean weight at 24 months was below the mean baseline weight.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Percentage Weight Change
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 52% (n=110) lost ≥5% of baseline body weight at 6 months; of that group, 19% retained that weight loss at 24 months with no differences among the groups.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Percentage Weight Change
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 110Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When self-monitoring adherence was examined by three levels (<30%, 30%–59%, ≥60%), weight loss was different (p<0.001).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Self-Monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 6 months, a higher proportion of the PDA+FB group achieved ≥5% weight loss; however, this was not sustained at 24 months.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Percentage Weight Change
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 18 months, 19%–20% of the PDA groups remained adherent ≥30% of the time compared to 8% of the paper diary group; also, participants in the PDA and PDA+FB groups whose adherence had declined to the 30%–59% category, had weight losses similar to those who were ≥60% adherent.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Self-Monitoring
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence to dietary self-monitoring strongly predicted weight loss at all time points (Table 1; Figure 4)”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Self-Monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 18 months, 19%–20% of the PDA groups remained adherent ≥30% of the time compared to 8% of the paper diary group; also, participants in the PDA and PDA+FB groups whose adherence had declined to the 30%–59% category, had weight losses similar to those who were ≥60% adherent.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Self-Monitoring
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A greater proportion of the PDA groups, compared to paper diary group, was adherent ≥60% of the time (PDA vs paper diary, p=0.03; PDA+FB vs paper diary, p=0.01) and lost more weight than those who were <30% adherent (p<0.001).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Self-Monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PDA+FB use resulted in a small weight loss at 24 months; PDA use resulted in greater adherence to dietary self-monitoring over time.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for sustained weight loss, adherence to self-monitoring is more important than the method used to self-monitor.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted
“The results of this 2-year trial underscore the fact that adherence to self-monitoring is more important than the method chosen to self-monitor; however, the use of technology-based tools markedly improved self-monitoring adherence in a larger number and those participants lost more weight and also sustained the loss.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Retention at 24 months was 85.7% with no differential attrition (see Figure 1).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methodologic limitations in both preclude one from concluding that alternative approaches to the paper diary were superior.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PDA+FB group’s achievement of a small weight loss in the absence of ongoing contact indicates that the use of an electronic diary plus feedback could increase adherence to a point that will enhance weight loss maintenance.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Paper diaries are time-consuming and tedious to complete.
- Rests on an assumption: Paper diaries limit the timeliness of supportive and motivational feedback delivered by the interventionist due to the lag time between receipt of the paper diary and delivery of feedback to the participant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Applied to the important behavior of self-monitoring, informational and reinforcing feedback has the potential to increase self-monitoring and thus enhance goal attainment.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Background
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Paper diaries are time-consuming and tedious to complete.
- Rests on an assumption: Paper diaries limit the timeliness of supportive and motivational feedback delivered by the interventionist due to the lag time between receipt of the paper diary and delivery of feedback to the participant.
In the paper
“Adherence in the first 6 months of the POUNDS LOST trial predicted weight reduction throughout the trial.33”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Williamson, 2010, Adherence is a multi-dimensional construct in the POUNDS LOST trial, J Behav Med source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current findings strongly suggest that adherence to self-monitoring is associated with successful short- and long-term weight loss.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the same conclusions were drawn regardless of the missing data approach used.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Methods > Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller weight loss observed in the current study, which was due to weight regain in the latter months, reinforces the consistent finding that ongoing contact is needed to sustain adherence and the associated long-term weight loss.10, 11”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, sensitivity analyses for suspected influential cases supported the robustness of the findings as conclusions were maintained following case omission.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Methods > Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sole difference among the groups was the mode of self-monitoring that they were asked to use.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Methods > Intervention
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The smaller weight loss observed in the current study, which was due to weight regain in the latter months, reinforces the consistent finding that ongoing contact is needed to sustain adherence and the associated long-term weight loss.10, 11”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A daily feedback message delivered remotely enhanced adherence and improved weight loss, which suggests that technology can play a role in improving weight loss.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“research provides evidence that ongoing contact is a strategy that enhances long-term adherence.12”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Artinian, 2010, Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults, Circulation source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 52% (n=110) lost ≥5% of baseline body weight at 6 months; of that group, 19% retained that weight loss at 24 months with no differences among the groups.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results > Percentage Weight Change
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A daily feedback message delivered remotely enhanced adherence and improved weight loss, which suggests that technology can play a role in improving weight loss.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted
“In addition, the current results demonstrate that a daily feedback message delivered remotely enhanced adherence and improved weight loss, which has major implications for the potential use of technology such as smartphones in improving weight loss treatment.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study retention was 85.6%.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Retention at 24 months was 85.7% with no differential attrition (see Figure 1).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, at 18 months, the weight losses in the PDA groups were similar between those who were in the upper two categories of adherence (>60% and 30%–59%), suggesting that those who were using a PDA were able to maintain the weight loss at a lower level of self-monitoring adherence after engaging in this behavior for several months.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since then, the evidence has continued to build, demonstrating a consistent relationship between self-monitoring and weight loss7 and weight loss maintenance.8”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Background
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample size of 210 was chosen to have at least 0.80 power for two-sided hypothesis testing via linear contrasts from a linear mixed model at a significance level of 0.05 when comparing changes in weight at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months relative to baseline between (1) the combined PDA groups (PDA, PDA+FB) and the paper diary group at a standardized mean difference (d) of 0.48 and (2) the PDA group”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Methods > Statistical Analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each cohort, participants were randomly assigned, with equal allocation via a computer-implemented minimization algorithm that stratified on gender and race, to either the Paper Diary, PDA, or PDA+FB group.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Methods > Design Overview
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At each assessment, the participants’ weight was measured on a digital scale by study staff.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Methods > Main Outcome Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A wealth of empirical evidence demonstrates that immediate positive reinforcement for a desired behavior leads to increases in the behavior; the more proximal the reinforcer to the desired behavior, the more likely it will be to increase the desired behavior.13”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Powers, 1976
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Completers also had a lower baseline BMI (33.74 (4.44) vs 35.62 (4.47), p=0.04).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies that focused on self-monitoring methods reported an association between self-monitoring and weight loss; however, neither reported group differences in weight loss.25, 26”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Helsel, 2007, Comparison of techniques for self-monitoring eating and exercise behaviors on weight loss in a correspondence-based intervention, J Am Diet Assoc source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Yon, 2007, Personal digital assistants are comparable to traditional diaries for dietary self-monitoring during a weight loss program, J Behav Med source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Completers were older than noncompleters (47.66 (8.38) years vs 41.77(10.95) years, p<0.001), which may have been influenced by three pregnancy-related withdrawals.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After participants were trained in their assigned self-monitoring method, session materials were identical for the groups.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Methods > Intervention
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The rapid advancement and adoption of wireless devices provide numerous opportunities for the incorporation of mHealth interventions for the delivery of feedback to individuals engaged in weight loss treatment.14, 15”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Background
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Paper diaries are time-consuming and tedious to complete.
- Rests on an assumption: Paper diaries limit the timeliness of supportive and motivational feedback delivered by the interventionist due to the lag time between receipt of the paper diary and delivery of feedback to the participant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when subgroups by level of adherence were examined, method of self-monitoring was notably related to self-monitoring adherence, and that, in turn, was related to weight loss maintenance (Table 1).”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of this 2-year trial underscore the fact that adherence to self-monitoring is more important than the method chosen to self-monitor; however, the use of technology-based tools markedly improved self-monitoring adherence in a larger number and those participants lost more weight and also sustained the loss.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The treatment groups did not differ by sociodemographic or baseline anthropometric measures.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intent-to-treat principle was used, where subjects were analyzed as randomized.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Methods > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, more participants in the PDA groups achieved ≥60% adherence; those individuals lost more weight and maintained most of it.”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies have shown enhanced adherence with PDA use; however, the observation period was limited to 1 month.27, 28”
§ Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Beasley, 2008, Evaluation of a PDA-based dietary assessment and intervention program: a randomized controlled trial, J Am Coll Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Glanz, 2006, Improving dietary self-monitoring and adherence with hand-held computers: a pilot study, Am J Health Promot source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Paper diaries are time-consuming and tedious to complete.
“The most frequently used method to self-monitor diet is the paper diary, which can be timeconsuming and tedious to complete.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Paper diaries limit the timeliness of supportive and motivational feedback delivered by the interventionist due to the lag time between receipt of the paper diary and delivery of feedback to the participant.
“Paper diaries also limit the timeliness of supportive and motivational feedback delivered by the interventionist due to the lag time between receipt of the paper diary and delivery of feedback to the participant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No other study has examined the effect of mobile technology with or without feedback on weight loss and adherence to self-monitoring during a 2-year behavioral treatment study.
“No other study has examined the effect mobile technology with or without feedback on weight loss and adherence to self-monitoring during a 2-year behavioral treatment study.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Greater improvement in health behaviors is produced by intensive behavioral treatments, that is, those that incorporate multiple counseling sessions, each lasting ≥10 minutes.18-20,22–24,29–31”
From Better Population Health Through Behavior Change in Adults: A Call to Action (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Findings confirm modest but significant impacts of brief physician advice or intervention on smoking cessation, improved dietary quality, and increased physical activity.14,15,19,22–27”
From Better Population Health Through Behavior Change in Adults: A Call to Action (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Feedback conclusion conflicts with reported adherence comparison
MajorThe conclusion says daily feedback enhanced adherence, but the reported comparison found no difference in adherence between the PDA group and the PDA+FB group.
“A daily feedback message delivered remotely enhanced adherence and improved weight loss”
“no difference between PDA and PDA+FB groups (p=0.49).”
Two different 24-month retention rates
MinorThe abstract reports 85.6% retention, while the Results section reports 85.7% retention at 24 months.
“Study retention was 85.6%.”
“Retention at 24 months was 85.7% with no differential attrition (see Figure 1).”
Citations
Cites
Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates
Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Carey, V. J., Smith, S. R., Ryan, D. H., Anton, S. D., McManus, K., Champagne, C. M., Bishop, L. M., Laranjo, N., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0804748 · Cited by 1,966 · cited 1×
“29 Foster and colleagues compared a low-carbohydrate to a low-fat diet and conducted group sessions.”
BackgroundLong-term weight loss maintenance
Wing, R. R., & Phelan, S. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.222s · Cited by 1,941 · cited 1×
“8 Few studies have tested strategies for long-term maintenance of weight loss 9–11 ; however, research provides evidence that ongoing contact is a strategy that enhances long-term adherence.”
BackgroundSelf-monitoring in weight loss: a systematic review of the literature
Burke, L. E., Wang, J., & Sevick, M. A. (2011) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008 · Cited by 1,203 · cited 1×
“6 Since then, the evidence has continued to build, demonstrating a consistent relationship between self-monitoring and weight loss 7 and weight loss maintenance.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntroduction to sample size determination and power analysis for clinical trials
Lachin, J. M. (1981) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(81)90001-5 · Cited by 1,012
Artinian, N. T., Fletcher, G. F., Mozaffarian, D., Kris-Etherton, P., Van Horn, L., Lichtenstein, A. H., Kumanyika, S., Kraus, W. E., Fleg, J. L., Redeker, N. S., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3181e8edf1 · Cited by 919 · cited 1×
“12 The use of an electronic diary with automatic feedback could potentially serve as a form of contact.”
BackgroundSelf-citationA self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss
Wing, R. R., Tate, D. F., Gorin, A. A., Raynor, H. A., & Fava, J. L. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa061883 · Cited by 830 · cited 2×
“10, 11 Although improved self-monitoring adherence did not result in better weight loss maintenance, when subgroups by level of adherence were examined, method of self-monitoring was notably related to self-monitoring adherence, and that, in turn, was related to weight loss maintenance (Table 1).”
BackgroundRandomized Trial of Lifestyle Modification and Pharmacotherapy for Obesity
Wadden, T. A., Berkowitz, R. I., Womble, L. G., Sarwer, D. B., Phelan, S., Cato, R. K., Hesson, L. A., Osei, S. Y., Kaplan, R., & Stunkard, A. J. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa050156 · Cited by 794 · cited 1×
“23 Adherence in the first 6 months of the POUNDS LOST trial predicted weight reduction throughout the trial.”
BackgroundSvetkey, L. P. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.10.1139 · Cited by 748 · cited 1×
“10, 11 Although improved self-monitoring adherence did not result in better weight loss maintenance, when subgroups by level of adherence were examined, method of self-monitoring was notably related to self-monitoring adherence, and that, in turn, was related to weight loss maintenance (Table 1).”
BackgroundA Text Message–Based Intervention for Weight Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial
Patrick, K., Raab, F., Adams, M. A., Dillon, L., Zabinski, M., Rock, C. L., Griswold, W. G., & Norman, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1100 · Cited by 671
Goodpaster, B. H., DeLany, J. P., Otto, A. D., Kuller, L., Vockley, J., South-Paul, J. E., Thomas, S. B., Brown, J., McTigue, K., Hames, K. C., et al. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1505 · Cited by 558 · cited 1×
“3,4 The core behavioral change strategies, based on social cognitive theory, include multiple components.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Burke, 2009, SMART trial: a randomized clinical trial of self-monitoring in behavioral weight management-design and baseline findings, Contemp Clin Trials, 30, 540, 10.1016/j.cct.2009.07.003 · DOI · Paper page
- Burke, 2011, The effect of electronic self-monitoring on weight loss and dietary intake: a randomized behavioral weight loss trial, Obesity, 19, 338, 10.1038/oby.2010.208 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Free, C., Phillips, G., Galli, L., Watson, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., Patel, V., & Haines, A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001362 · Cited by 1,766
“Three trials reported no statistically significant effects on weight of a diary-plus-mobile-phone daily feedback messages compared to a diary [54], a text message based intervention [55], and a twitter, podcast, and mobile phone application based intervention [56].”
Allcott, H., & Rogers, T. (2014) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.104.10.3003 · Cited by 1,340
“…and Volpp 2013; Royer, Stehr, and Sydnor 2013), smoking (Gine, Karlan, and Zinman 2010; Volpp et al. 2009), weight loss (Anderson et al. 2009; Burke et al. 2012; John et al. 2011), water conservation (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011; Ferraro and Price 2013), academic performance (Jackson…”
Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults.
Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., & Butryn, M. L. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000517 · Cited by 661
“In RCTs, participants assigned to monitor food intake with smartphone apps completed significantly more food records than those instructed to keep paper diaries (Burke et al., 2012; Spring et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBurke, L. E., Ma, J., Azar, K. M. J., Bennett, G. G., Peterson, E. D., Zheng, Y., Riley, W., Stephens, J., Shah, S. H., Suffoletto, B., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000232 · Cited by 516
Self-citationTurner-McGrievy, G. M., Beets, M. W., Moore, J. B., Kaczynski, A. T., Barr-Anderson, D. J., & Tate, D. F. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001510 · Cited by 373
Metadata
- Authors
- Burke, L. E., Styn, M. A., Sereika, S. M., Conroy, M. B., Ye, L., Glanz, K., Sevick, M. A., & Ewing, L. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burke, Lora E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-26
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3563396
- OpenAlex
- W1901026176
- Semantic Scholar
- 0767d67b987b9a4196d65c0ba79b68df5e9e9f9c
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 46.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (P30NR003924, P30-NR-03924, K24NR010742)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK071817, R01-DK071817-05S1)
- National Center for Research Resources (5M01-RR-000056, M01RR000056, UL1RR024153)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- mobile health, self-monitoring, weight loss, personal digital assistants, personalized feedback, paper diaries, adherence, weight maintenance, obesity, overweight adults, behavioral weight loss, SMART trial, remote feedback, physical activity goals, student retention, weight change over time
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pennsylvania, Self Care, Weight Loss, Exercise, Feedback, Psychological, Computers, Handheld, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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