CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 154Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, DietNutritional Studies and Diet

Energy Intake from Restaurants

Open access
Powell, Lisa M., Nguyen, Binh T., Han, Euna·2012·American Journal of Preventive Medicine
DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.07.041PMC PMC3479669
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Eating food away from home and restaurant consumption have increased over the past few decades.Purpose To examine recent changes in calories from fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption and to assess characteristics associated with consumption.Methods Analyses of 24-hour dietary recalls from children, adolescents, and adults using nationally representative data from the 2003-2004 through 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, including analysis by gender, ethnicity, income, and location of consumption. Multivariate regression analyses of associations between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and consumption prevalence and average daily caloric intake from fast-food and full-service restaurants.Results In 2007-2008, 33%, 41%, and 36% of children, adolescents, and adults, respectively, consumed foods and/or beverages from fast-food restaurant sources and 12%, 18%, and 27% consumed from full-service restaurants. Their respective mean daily caloric intake from fast food was 191, 404, and 315 kcal, down by 25% (p ≤ 0.05), 3%, and 9% from 2003-2004; and among consumers, intake was 576, 988, and 877 kcal, respectively, down by 12% (p ≤ 0.05), 2%, and 7%. There were no changes in daily calories consumed from full-service restaurants. Consumption prevalence and average daily caloric intake from fast-food (adults only) and full-service restaurants (all age groups) were higher when consumed away from home versus at home. There were some demographic and socioeconomic associations with the likelihood of fast-food consumption, but characteristics generally were not associated with the extent of caloric intake among those who consumed from fast-food or from full-service restaurants.Conclusions In 2007-2008, fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption remained prevalent and a source of substantial energy intake.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.07.041

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In 2007-2008, U.S. children aged 6-11 consumed 11% of daily energy from quick service restaurants and 5% from full service restaurants.

    “National surveillance data show that 6-to-11-year-old children consumed 11% of daily energy from quick service restaurants (QSR) and 5% from full service restaurants (FSR) in 2007–2008; for adolescents aged 12–19, these proportions were 17% and 7% respectively [2].”

    From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Results section reports that in 2007–2008, fast-food and full-service restaurants supplied 10% and 4% of daily energy for children as a group, not the claimed 11% and 5% for ages 6–11. It does support the citing sentence’s adolescent figures of 17% and about 7%. The Discussion identifies the children’s group as ages 2–11; no passage found gives the claimed percentages for ages 6–11. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Restaurant foods and beverages are second only to grocery store foods and beverages in their contribution to total energy intake of U.S. 4- to 11-year-olds.

    “Restaurant foods and beverages are second only to grocery store foods and beverages in their contribution to total energy intake of U.S. 4- to 11-year-olds [1–3].”

    From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [3]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that fast-food and full-service restaurants contributed 10% and 4%, respectively, of total energy intake among children aged 2–11. It does not give a figure for ages 4–11 or compare restaurant sources with grocery stores, so it does not establish the claimed ranking. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In 2007-2008, U.S. adolescents aged 12-19 consumed 17% of daily energy from quick service restaurants and 7% from full service restaurants.

    “National surveillance data show that 6-to-11-year-old children consumed 11% of daily energy from quick service restaurants (QSR) and 5% from full service restaurants (FSR) in 2007–2008; for adolescents aged 12–19, these proportions were 17% and 7% respectively [2].”

    From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [2]

  • Lower reported frequencies of eating food from restaurants, compared to other national data, suggest that social desirability may have occurred.

    “Lower reported frequencies of eating food from restaurants, compared to other national data [2], suggest that this may have occurred”

    From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [2]

  • Among children who eat quick-service restaurant food, one third of their daily calories come from fast food.

    “among these consumers, 1/3 of their daily calories come from fast food [3]”

    From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [3]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Powell, L. M., Nguyen, B. T., & Han, E.
Affiliations
  • University of Illinois Chicago (US)
  • Gachon University (KR)
Corresponding author
Powell, Lisa M.
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-11
Volume
43
Issue
5
Pages
498-504
ISSN
0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.amepre.2012.07.041
PMC
PMC3479669
OpenAlex
W1494892134
Cited by
154
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI
14.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA138456)
  • CDC (11IPA1102973)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
restaurant food consumption, fast food, full-service restaurants, energy intake, eating out, dietary trends, socioeconomic factors, children and adolescents, NHANES
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Energy Intake, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Regression Analysis, Restaurants, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Multivariate Analysis, Young Adult, Fast Foods

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review