Overconfidence as a Cause of Diagnostic Error in Medicine

The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States

McGlynn, E. A., Asch, S. M., Adams, J., Keesey, J., Hicks, J., DeCristofaro, A., & Kerr, E. A. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa022615 · Cited by 5,079 · see citing works

Impact of Formal Continuing Medical Education: Do Conferences, Workshops, Rounds, and Other Traditional Continuing Education Activities Change Physician Behavior or Health Care Outcomes?

Davis, D., O'Brien, M. A. T., Freemantle, N., Wolf, F. M., Mazmanian, P., & Taylor-Vaisey, A. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.9.867 · Cited by 2,364 · see citing works

The Importance of Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Strategies to Minimize Them

Croskerry, P. (2003) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200308000-00003 · Cited by 1,675 · see citing works

Diagnostic error in internal medicine

Graber, M. L., Franklin, N., & Gordon, R. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.13.1493 · Cited by 1,549 · see citing works

Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning

Elstein, A. S., Shulman, L. S., & Sprafka, S. A. (1978) · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674189089 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works

Research in clinical reasoning: past history and current trends

Norman, G. (2005) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02127.x · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works

Missed and delayed diagnoses in the ambulatory setting: a study of closed malpractice claims

Gandhi, T. K., Kachalia, A., Thomas, E. J., Puopolo, A. L., Yoon, C., Brennan, T. A., & Studdert, D. M. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00006 · Cited by 662 · see citing works

Do House Officers Learn From Their Mistakes?

Wu, A. W. (1991) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460160067031 · Cited by 565 · see citing works

Effect of computerised evidence based guidelines on management of asthma and angina in adults in primary care: cluster randomised controlled trial

Eccles, M. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7370.941 · Cited by 354 · see citing works

Difficulties in Recognizing Oneʼs Own Incompetence: Novice Physicians Who Are Unskilled and Unaware of It

HODGES, B., REGEHR, G., & MARTIN, D. (2001) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200110001-00029 · Cited by 280 · see citing works

Do physicians know when their diagnoses are correct?: Implications for decision support and error reduction

Friedman, C. P., Gatti, G. G., Franz, T. M., Murphy, G. C., Wolf, F. M., Heckerling, P. S., Fine, P. L., Miller, T. M., & Elstein, A. S. (2005) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.30145.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works

Computer Decision Support as a Source of Interpretation Error: The Case of Electrocardiograms

Tsai, T. L., Fridsma, D. B., & Gatti, G. (2003) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1197/jamia.m1279 · Cited by 161 · see citing works

Do physicians value decision support? A look at the effect of decision support systems on physician opinion

Dreiseitl, S., & Binder, M. (2005) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2004.07.007 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Training to Improve Calibration and Discrimination: The Effects of Performance and Environmental Feedback

Stone, E. R., & Opel, R. B. (2000) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2910 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Effect of CPOE User Interface Design on User-Initiated Access to Educational and Patient Information during Clinical Care

Rosenbloom, S. T., Geissbuhler, A. J., Dupont, W. D., Giuse, D. A., Talbert, D. A., Tierney, W. M., Plummer, W. D., Stead, W. W., & Miller, R. A. (2005) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1197/jamia.m1627 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods

Althubaiti, A. (2016) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s104807 · Cited by 3,018 · see citing works

A Universal Model of Diagnostic Reasoning

Croskerry, P. (2009) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181ace703 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works

The importance of interpretability and visualization in machine learning for applications in medicine and health care

Vellido, A. (2020) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-019-04051-w · Cited by 635 · see citing works

The Global Burden of Diagnostic Errors in Primary Care

Singh, H., Schiff, G. D., Graber, M. L., Onakpoya, I., & Thompson, M. J. (2017) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2016-005401 · Cited by 395 · see citing works

Fostering and Evaluating Reflective Capacity in Medical Education: Developing the REFLECT Rubric for Assessing Reflective Writing

Wald, H. S., Borkan, J. M., Taylor, J. S., Anthony, D., & Reis, S. P. (2012) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31823b55fa · Cited by 391 · see citing works

Checklists to Reduce Diagnostic Errors

Ely, J. W., Graber, M. L., & Croskerry, P. (2011) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31820824cd · Cited by 366 · see citing works

IS AI GROUND TRUTH REALLY TRUE? THE DANGERS OF TRAINING AND EVALUATING AI TOOLS BASED ON EXPERTS’ KNOW-WHAT.

Lebovitz, S., Levina, N., & Lifshitz-Assaf, H. (2021) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2021/16564 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Physicians’ Diagnostic Accuracy, Confidence, and Resource Requests: A Vignette Study

Meyer, A. N. D., Payne, V. L., Meeks, D. W., Rao, R., & Singh, H. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10081 · Cited by 268 · see citing works

Accurate multimodal probabilistic prediction of conversion to Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment

Young, J., Modat, M., Cardoso, M. J., Mendelson, A., Cash, D., & Ourselin, S. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.05.004 · Cited by 249 · see citing works

Effects of the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Azilsartan Medoxomil Versus Olmesartan and Valsartan on Ambulatory and Clinic Blood Pressure in Patients With Stages 1 and 2 Hypertension

White, W. B., Weber, M. A., Sica, D., Bakris, G. L., Perez, A., Cao, C., & Kupfer, S. (2011) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.163402 · Cited by 216 · see citing works

The Challenges in Defining and Measuring Diagnostic Error

Zwaan, L., & Singh, H. (2015) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2014-0069 · Cited by 173 · see citing works

Abnormalities of confidence in psychiatry: an overview and future perspectives

Hoven, M., Lebreton, M., Engelmann, J. B., Denys, D., Luigjes, J., & van Holst, R. J. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0602-7 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Clinical Features Suggestive of Meningitis in Children: A Systematic Review of Prospective Data

Curtis, S., Stobart, K., Vandermeer, B., Simel, D. L., & Klassen, T. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0277 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

Doubly Bayesian Analysis of Confidence in Perceptual Decision-Making

Aitchison, L., Bang, D., Bahrami, B., & Latham, P. E. (2015) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004519 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

To Trust or to Think: Cognitive Forcing Functions Can Reduce Overreliance on AI in AI-assisted Decision-making

Buçinca, Z., Malaya, M. B., & Gajos, K. Z. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.09692 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works

Monitoring and regulation of learning in medical education: The need for predictive cues

de Bruin, A. B. H., Dunlosky, J., & Cavalcanti, R. B. (2017) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13267 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

“Accuracy of Forecasts in Strategic Intelligence.”

Mandel, D. R., & Barnes, A. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1406138111 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

The accuracy of German citizens’ confidence in their climate change knowledge

Fischer, H., Amelung, D., & Said, N. (2019) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0563-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Diagnostic error in medical education: where wrongs can make rights

Eva, K. W. (2009) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-009-9188-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Bridging the gap between uncertainty, confidence and diagnostic accuracy: calibration is key

Zwaan, L., & Hautz, W. E. (2019) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2018-009078 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Patient harm due to diagnostic error of neuro-ophthalmologic conditions.

Stunkel, L., Sharma, R. A., Mackay, D. D., Wilson, B., Van Stavern, G. P., Newman, N. J., & Biousse, V. (2021) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.03.008 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Developing Checklists to Prevent Diagnostic Error in Emergency Room Settings

Graber, M. L., Sorensen, A. V., Biswas, J., Modi, V., Wackett, A., Johnson, S., Lenfestey, N., Meyer, A. N. D., & Singh, H. (2014) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2014-0019 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

<i>Annals</i> Clinical Decision Making: Avoiding Cognitive Errors in Clinical Decision Making

Restrepo, D., Armstrong, K. A., & Metlay, J. P. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-3692 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Exploring Clinical Reasoning Strategies and Test-Taking Behaviors During Clinical Vignette Style Multiple-Choice Examinations: A Mixed Methods Study

Heist, B. S., Gonzalo, J. D., Durning, S., Torre, D., & Elnicki, D. M. (2014) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-14-00176.1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Factors influencing physician prognosis: A scoping review

Ferrand, A., Poleksic, J., & Racine, E. (2022) · MDM Policy &amp; Practice · doi:10.1177/23814683221145158 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Trust and Transparency in Machine Learning-Based Clinical Decision Support

Gretton, C. (2018) · Human–Computer Interaction Series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90403-0_14 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

What Interventions Could Reduce Diagnostic Error in Emergency Departments? A Review of Evidence, Practice and Consumer Perspectives

Wright, B., Faulkner, N., Bragge, P., & Graber, M. (2019) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2018-0104 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Improving Medical Residents’ Self-Assessment of Their Diagnostic Accuracy: Does Feedback Help?

Kuhn, J., van den Berg, P., Mamede, S., Zwaan, L., Bindels, P., & van Gog, T. (2022) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-021-10080-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Adaptation to stressors: Hormesis as a framework for human performance

Hill, Y., Kiefer, A. W., Oudejans, R. R. D., Baetzner, A. S., & Den Hartigh, R. J. R. (2024) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101073 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

‘Insight’ in medical training: what, why, and how?

Ng, I. K. S., Lin, N. H. Y., Goh, W. G. W., Teo, D. B., Tan, L. F., & Ban, K. H. K. (2024) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1093/postmj/qgad115 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A Cognitive Autopsy Approach Towards Explaining Diagnostic Failure

Croskerry, P., & Campbell, S. G. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.17041 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

An elderly woman with ‘heart failure’: Cognitive biases and diagnostic error

Mull, N., Reilly, J. B., & Myers, J. S. (2015) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.82a.14087 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Medical Fine-Tuning Reshapes, Not Reduces, Patient-Facing AI Risk: A Rubric-Based, LLM-Judge Evaluation Framework

Doshi, S. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.24807